Pass- Gi

Front 1

when does the pineal gland have low melatonin?

Back 1

in the day, this is when catabolic processes are on

Front 2

when is saliva thick, under parasymp or sympathetic stim?

Back 2

parasymp- stim slaiva prod. so less time for 3Na and Cl to move out and K and bicarb to come in.

symp- hass less saliva production and lots of Na leaves.

Front 3

what are the muscles of mastication? inn by? arise from what pharyngeal pouch?

Back 3

masseter, temporalis and M+L pterygoids
(actions: lat pt. lowers jaw and temp slides jaw forward)
-first phar. pouch
NOT BUCCINATOR
CN5

Front 4

most common 1ary disaccharidase defic?
aquired?

Back 4

sucrase (gluc and fructose)
lactase (glu and galac)

Front 5

Boorhaave's?

Back 5

vomit and perforate in L pleural cavity and L pleural effusion and L pneumothorax

Front 6

Hammans sign?

Back 6

air under skin, hear it crunch

Front 7

diglutition?

Back 7

tongue on hard palate, then bolus goes down and epiglottis closes and bolus rolls over and then post pharynx (upper 1/2 CN 9 and lower CN10) rolls it into the esophagus- and levator veli palatini goes up (CN10)

Front 8

UES and LES? controlled by what nucleus?

Back 8

UES- nucleus Ambiguus- lesion = no gag reflex
LES-dorsal motor nuc of CNX- lesion= no peristalsis

Front 9

what is resp for contraction and relaxation when swallowing?

Back 9

contrac- vagus and Aurbachs plexus for relaxation- VIP as neurotx

-missing Aurbachs means you have high LES tone and achalasia bc no VIP to dilate

Front 10

peristalsis 1ary adn 2dary- in small intestines?
colon?

Back 10

1ary sm int- segmentation
2dary- MMC every 90min
1ary- Haustration
2dary- mass movement

Front 11

Choanal atresia?

Back 11

failure of loss of mem bw nasal regoin and post pharynx. when nipple is in baby's mouth- cant breathe

Front 12

H type fistula?

Back 12

Tracheo-esoph fistula coughin and choking with each feeding only have episodes during feeding

Front 13

long term GI bleeding causes what anemia and syndrome?

Back 13

hyperchromic microcytic anemia
and Plummer Vincent syndrome- long term GI bleeding with esop webs

Front 14

MC cancer in upper 2/3 of esoph?

Back 14

sq cell ca and presents with pain in one area bc it ulcerates (odynophagia)

Front 15

layers of GI tract:
mucosa- prod what?
submucosa- prod what and has what plexus?
muscularis externa-what pexus and how do the mm work?

Back 15

-Goblet cells in mucosa
-Brunners glands ONLY SUBMUCOSAL GI glands- prod bicarb and has Meissners in submucosa
-musc externa- Auerbachs plexus, circular mm- perstalsis, longit- txm mssg down GI

Gallbladder and stomach only have transverse layer of mm to digest

Front 16

FACT: when food absorbs all the H+ in your stomach then your basic and g cells are stim and then the g cells also stim the parietal cells to rel intrinsic factor

Back 16

FACT: chief cells release pepsinogen when the pH is low enough- ONLY PROT DIGESTED IN STOMACH

Front 17

exo/endo peptidases:
trypsin-
chymotrypsin-
elastase-
carboxypeptidase-
aminopeptidase-
CnBr-
Mercaptoethanol-

Back 17

trypsin-lys/ arg
chymotrypsin- phe, tyr, threo
elastase- ser, ala, gly
carboxypeptidase- cuts to LEFT
aminopeptidase-cuts to right
CnBr-met
Mercaptoethanol- disulfide bonds

Front 18

ulcers-
duodenal-
gastric-

blood type assoc, % H.pylori association, assoc or no with acid output?

Back 18

-duod- 2nd part of duod, 100% assoc with H.pylori, assoc with too much acid output and type O blood

-gastric- most in antrum (70% assoc with H.pylori and is due to breakdown of barrier not too much acid, type A blood)

Front 19

Adenocarcinoma of the stomach?

Back 19

mc stomach cancer in goblet cells (mc tumor leiomyoma)
RF: smoking drinking hot substances smoked foods (japanese ppl)
-leather waterbottle appearance, linitus plastica, signet ring cells, virchows node, krukenburg tumor- seeding of ovary by tumor

Front 20

second messengers-
secretin-
CCK-
motilin-

Back 20

secretin- cAMP
CCK- IP3 DAG
motilin- IP3 DAG during meals and Calcium/ calmodulin bw meals

Front 21

cholesterol problems:
triglyceride problems:

Back 21

fat pads on extensors- achilles and elbow
Xanthomas- coronary problem

Triglyceride on eyebrow: Xanthelesma

Front 22

duod, jej adn ileum-

absorption: fats, aa, sugars, ADEK B12, Fe

Back 22

fats: 10 80 10
aa: 10 90
sugars: 10 90
ADEK B12: ileum 100% (crohns)

fe: 90 10

the jejunum is effected by celiac sprue

Front 23

Henoch- Schonlein purpura?

Back 23

MC childhood systemic vasculitis- palpable purpura, arthlargia, intestinal hemorrhage (high incid of intussception), melena (black stool due to hemorrhage)