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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Middle ear parts |
Tympanic cavity Ossicular chain Bones; malleus incus stapes |
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Middle ear components |
Stapedious muscle Tensor tympani muscle Ligaments |
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Middle ear cavity |
Air filled Water tight Sealed by Tm Irregular shape Size of pea Lined with mucous membrane |
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Mucous membrane |
Thin layer of tissue Fluid secreting cells |
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Incudostepedial junction |
Top of malleus articulates with top of incus Bottom of incus meets stapes |
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Middle ear muscles |
Stapedious and tensor tympani muscles -keeps ochain tight -responds to vibrations of Tm -protects cochlea from dangerously loud sounds |
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Acoustic reflex |
22:1increase 27 db |
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Acoustic reflex |
Involuntary response Contraction of stapes Damper on system |
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Eustachian tube |
Connects middle ear to nasopharynx(back of throat)
Equalizes ambient pressure between mid and inner ear
1,1/2" long in adults
Generally closed |
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Epitympanic cavity/Mastoid cells |
Air filled cavities in mastoid process of temporal bone
EC-attic of mid ear Opening allows air Protected passage for nerves |
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Ossicular discontinuity |
Bones don't move properly Lever action reduced or eliminated |
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Function of middle ear |
Conduct sound energy to inner ear Mechanical energy |
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Inner ear (labyrinth) |
3 major areas Semicircular canals Vestibule Cochlea |
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Semicircular canals |
3 canals channeled through solid bone Endo/peri fluids Sense of balance |
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Vestibule |
2 sacs Saccule-endo lymph Utricle- endo lymph Gravity and acceleration |
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Cochlea |
Coiled like a snail 2,1/2" long 30,000 neural fibers 4 rows hair cells Contains organ of corti |
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Key elements of the cochlea |
Scala vestibule Scala tympani Scala media
Reisners membrane Basilar membrane
Oval window Round window
Base highs Apex lows |
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Promontory |
Seperates oval and round window Bulge in wall of cochlea |
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Scala media |
Cochlea duct Canal of the cochlea Membraneous labyrinth Organ of corti |
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Scala media |
Cochlea duct Canal of the cochlea Membraneous labyrinth Organ of corti |
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Organ of corti |
Essential transducer Sensory end organ Ends organ of hearing Lays across basilar membrane Base-highs Apex-lows |
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Tectorial membrane |
Hangs over neural fibers in organ of corti from base to Apex Place theory Place and volley theory |
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Tectorial membrane |
Hangs over neural fibers in organ of corti from base to Apex Place theory Place and volley theory |
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Place theory |
Neurons fire at a rate identical to stimulus below 1000 |
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Tectorial membrane |
Hangs over neural fibers in organ of corti from base to Apex Place theory Place and volley theory |
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Place theory |
Neurons fire at a rate identical to stimulus below 1000 |
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Place & volley |
Stimulus beyond 1000 are volleyed |
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Auditory nerve |
Auditory nerve VIII cranial nerve Cochlear branch Sense of hearing to brain |
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Vestibular branch |
Sense of balance and motion to brain
Vestibular branch becomes part of the auditory nerve |
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Vestibular branch |
Sense of balance and motion to brain
Vestibular branch becomes part of the auditory nerve |
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Auditory brainstem response |
5-7 identifiable locations up the auditory pathway
Superior olivary complex |
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Auditory nerve |
-30,000 neurons -Afferent transmits from cochlea to brain -efferent transmits from brain to cochlea |
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Spiral ganglion |
Formed and combined by nerve impulses traveling along nerve fibers |
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Spiral ganglion |
Formed and combined by nerve impulses traveling along nerve fibers |
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Synaptic junctions |
Synaptic junctions or synapses -relay stations or transfer points for nerve fibers changing electrical impulses to chemical
Ascending auditory pathways -part of central nervous system pathway composed of primarily afferent fibers -transmits from cochlea |
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Spiral ganglion |
Formed and combined by nerve impulses traveling along nerve fibers |
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Synaptic junctions |
Synaptic junctions or synapses -relay stations or transfer points for nerve fibers changing electrical impulses to chemical
Ascending auditory pathways -part of central nervous system pathway composed of primarily afferent fibers -transmits from cochlea |
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Binaural fusion |
Sounds presented to both ears come together as single sound |
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Spiral ganglion |
Formed and combined by nerve impulses traveling along nerve fibers |
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Synaptic junctions |
Synaptic junctions or synapses -relay stations or transfer points for nerve fibers changing electrical impulses to chemical
Ascending auditory pathways -part of central nervous system pathway composed of primarily afferent fibers -transmits from cochlea |
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Binaural fusion |
Sounds presented to both ears come together as single sound |
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Binaural summation |
6-10db increase |
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Binaural localization |
Two ears help locate sounds |
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Binaural localization |
Two ears help locate sounds |
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A Normal ear.. |
Detects changes 3-4 hz up to 4,000
A25 hz change is required above 4000 to detect change in pitch |
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Binaural localization |
Two ears help locate sounds |
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A Normal ear.. |
Detects changes 3-4 hz up to 4,000
A25 hz change is required above 4000 to detect change in pitch |
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Diffraction |
Bending of sound waves around obstacles
Lows bend more and travel further |
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Binaural localization |
Two ears help locate sounds |
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A Normal ear.. |
Detects changes 3-4 hz up to 4,000
A25 hz change is required above 4000 to detect change in pitch |
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Diffraction |
Bending of sound waves around obstacles
Lows bend more and travel further |
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Phase |
In phase begins 0 ends 360 Out of phase-determines direction |
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Periodic waves |
Smooth waves i.e.:music speech |
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Aperiodic waves |
Noise random tones without pattern |
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Aperiodic waves |
Noise random tones without pattern |
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Mels |
Measure pitch |
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Speed of sound |
Air-1100 ft/sec Liquid-4xfaster Solid-14xfaster Vaccum-never travel |
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134 db |
Loudest sound tolerated by normal human ear |
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134 db |
Loudest sound tolerated by normal human ear |
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Normal ear responds to |
20-20,000 hz sounds |
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Most sensitive |
3000-4000hz |
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Conductive hearing disorders |
Obstruction or breakdown in the outer and or middle ear |
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Sensorineural |
Inner ear disorder or auditory nerve Sensory-cochlea Neural-auditory |
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Central deafness |
Retrocochlear -brain tumor -acoustic neuroma |
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Central deafness |
Retrocochlear -brain tumor -acoustic neuroma |
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Paget's disease |
Disease of bones
Thickening of temporal bone and ossicular chain
Conductive loss
Over40 |
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Monomeric spots |
Healed hole in Tm Mirror membranes No loss |
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Monomeric spots |
Healed hole in Tm Mirror membranes No loss |
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Ruptured perforated eardrum |
5-10db loss Tympanoplasty Myringoplasty |
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Monomeric spots |
Healed hole in Tm Mirror membranes No loss |
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Ruptured perforated eardrum |
5-10db loss Tympanoplasty Myringoplasty |
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Full impaction |
Can cause up to 25db loss |
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Otitis media |
Type b tympanogram |
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Acute suppurative otitis media |
More severe Shorter duration Type b tympanogram |
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Myringotomy |
Ventilation tube Falls out by itself Drains fluid from mid ear cavity |
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Radical mastoidectomy |
Remove of Tm incus and malleus |
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Radical mastoidectomy |
Remove of Tm incus and malleus |
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Otosclerosis |
Spongy growth around stapes
Complete fixation 50-70db
Caucasian mid age after childbirth
Type as tympanogram |
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Radical mastoidectomy |
Remove of Tm incus and malleus |
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Otosclerosis |
Spongy growth around stapes
Complete fixation 50-70db
Caucasian mid age after childbirth
Type as tympanogram |
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Ossicular discontinuity |
Dislodged ossicular chain
Altered lever capability
Type ad tympanogram |
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Radical mastoidectomy |
Remove of Tm incus and malleus |
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Otosclerosis |
Spongy growth around stapes
Complete fixation 50-70db
Caucasian mid age after childbirth
Type as tympanogram |
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Ossicular discontinuity |
Dislodged ossicular chain
Altered lever capability
Type ad tympanogram |
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Ossicular fixation |
Stiffening
Tissue turns to bone
Involves ligaments
Tympanosclerosis
Type As tympanogram |
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Diseases that can cause HL |
Diabetes Auto immune ear disease Hiv Ms Syphillis Polyaryeritis nodosa Cogans syndrome Lupus Lyme |
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Autoimmune ear disease |
Fluctuation unilateral bilateral loss
Unilateral facial stiffness or paralysis
Rapid and progressive |
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Sensorineural hearing loss |
Perceptive Nerve loss Sensory=cochlea Neural=auditory nerve and ascending pathways |
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Sensorineural hearing loss |
Most often affects highs Difficulty w consequences Mumbling Difficulty in noise |
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Sensorineural |
Speaks louder |
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Sensorineural |
Speaks louder |
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Conductive |
Speaks softer |
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Sensorineural hearing |
Recruitment Tinnitus |
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Tinnitus |
70% have hearing loss 50 million suffer |
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Objective tinnitus |
Only heard and measures externally |
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Subjective tinnitus |
Only evident to patient Can't hear them externally |
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Acoustic neuroma |
Tumor on 5th cranial nerve Unilateral loss Facial stiffness Atypical poor SRTS Poor discrim Vertigo/tinnitus |
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Acoustic neuroma |
Tumor on 5th cranial nerve Unilateral loss Facial stiffness Atypical poor SRTS Poor discrim Vertigo/tinnitus |
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Tone decay |
Perstimulatory fatigue Menieres patients Acoustic neuroma Can't hold threshold more than 60 seconds |
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Acoustic neuroma |
Tumor on 5th cranial nerve Unilateral loss Facial stiffness Atypical poor SRTS Poor discrim Vertigo/tinnitus |
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Tone decay |
Perstimulatory fatigue Menieres patients Acoustic neuroma Can't hold threshold more than 60 seconds |
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PB rollover |
Common in Cochlear and Retrocochlear loss
Loss of ability to discriminate as words are presented louder (90db) |
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Articulation curve |
Correct percentage of words a listener can identify as the words are presented gradually at louder levels |
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Oval window fistula |
Loss of perilymph Rupture of stapes footplate or annular rings |
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Oval window fistula |
Loss of perilymph Rupture of stapes footplate or annular rings |
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Round window fistula |
Increase in perilymph Direct trauma Barotrauma Pressure related |
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Tuning fork tests |
Weber-determines most conductive ear
Most sensitive cochlea Asymmetrical circumstances Masking indicator
Rinne- Assumes conductive loss Rinne negative-conductive Rinne positive- sensorineural/normal hearing |
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Type a tympanogram |
Back (Definition) |
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Type b tympanogram |
Back (Definition) |
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Type b tympanogram |
Back (Definition) |
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Type C tympanogram |
Back (Definition) |
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Type as tympanogram |
Back (Definition) |
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Type ad tympanogram |
Back (Definition) |
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Type ad tympanogram |
Back (Definition) |
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Otoacoustic emissions |
Method for Hard to test population |
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Infection control |
Wash hands or use alcohol gel
Bacteriacide fungicide viruside
Wear protective equipment
Prevent cross contamination |
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Asymmetrical loss |
Both ears have loss Greater than 15 between ears |
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Asymmetrical loss |
Both ears have loss Greater than 15 between ears |
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Symmetrical |
Loss in both Within 15 of each other |
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Pure conductive |
Bone scores normal limits |
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Mixed hearing loss |
Conductive and sensorineural |
