Part 8: Cerebral Cortex

Front 1

lobes are named after

Back 1

cranial bones

Front 2

gyri

Back 2

elevated (surface regions)

Front 3

sulci (fissures)

Back 3

grooves (hidden regions)

Front 4

3 major gyri

Back 4

1 precentral gyrus :motor 4
2 postcentral gyrus : somatic sensory 1,2,3
3 superior temporal gyrus: primary auditory 22

Front 5

precentral gyrus

Back 5

primary motor cortex (area 4) - processing info LAST

Front 6

postcentral gyrus

Back 6

primary somatic sensory cortec (1,2,3) - processing info FIRST

Front 7

superiortemporal gyrus

Back 7

secondary audiotry cortex (22)

Front 8

4 major sulci

Back 8

1) lateral sulcus : prim. auditory 41
2) central sulcus:
3) calcrin sucus: prim. visual 17
4)longitudinal fissure : sep 2 hemisphere

Front 9

3 ways to organize cortex

Back 9

1 functional regions: primary, secondary tertiary
2 anatomical methods : brodmann
3 functional methods: EEG, single and multiple neuron recording, neuroimaging

Front 10

in each type of cortex layer, there are

Back 10

1 diff type of neuron
2 diff arrangement of neurons
3 diff paterns of connections between neurons
4 differnet patterns of protein expression

Front 11

sensory receptor input

Back 11

touch,vision , hearing, taste, smell

Front 12

sensory processing in CNS

Back 12

spinalcord --> brainstem --> cortex

Front 13

motor system in CNS

Back 13

cortex --> cerebellum --> basal ganglia

Front 14

motor system output

Back 14

spinal cord --> muscle

Front 15

somatic pathway (anterior spinothalamic tract)

Back 15

sensory recpetor --> synapse in ipsilaeral spinal cord --> cross --> ascen in contralteral spinal cord and brainstem --> syn in thalamus --> synapese in primary somatic sensory cortex (1,2,3)

Front 16

visual pathway

Back 16

sensory receptor in retina --> nasal fiber of CN 2 cross in optic chiasm --> syn in thalamus --> syn in pri visual cortex 17

Front 17

auditory pathway

Back 17

sen rect in cochlear --> ipsilateral cochlear nucleus --> bilaterallusup. olivary complex -> syn.laterallemniscus -->syn. inferior colliculus --> medial geniclate complex --> prim aud cortex 41

Front 18

motor (corticospinal tract)

Back 18

area 4 --> brainstem --> cross at medullar and spinal cord --> spinal cord --> syn motor neuron in ventral root --> innervate muscle fibers

Front 19

brocas area lesion

Back 19

diff produce spech

Front 20

wenicke area lesion

Back 20

diff understand words

Front 21

multiplesclerosis (MS)

Back 21

destruction (autoimmune) of myelin (white matter)

Front 22

sign of MS

Back 22

1 numbness, tingling , heat sensation
2 proprioceptive (coordination defict), dropping object
3 weakness and fatigue
4 visual problem
4 high fres sensory nural HL (norml OAE)

Front 23

progressive loss of motor neurons in cortexm cranial nerve motor nuclei and spinal cord

Back 23

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Front 24

sign of ALS

Back 24

paralysis of ALL skeletal muscle but sensation and intellect remain intact

Front 25

parkinsons

Back 25

degernation of motor nuclei that provide input to basal ganglia

Front 26

sign of parkinsons

Back 26

1 akinesia (without movement)
2 dyskinesia ( abnormal movement)

Front 27

alzheimers

Back 27

progressive mental deterioration (4th leading cause of deatrh)

Front 28

cause of alzheimers

Back 28

1 global cerebral atrophy from loss ofneurons (10000/day)
2 formation of plaques(protein change)
3 reduction of synapse
4 blood brain barrier breaks down