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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following is a function of blood?
A. Transport B. Hemostasis C. Homeostasis D. Gas exchange E. All of the above |
all of the above
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Which of the following is greater (more abundant) in males than in females?
A. Number of red blood cells B. Hematocrit C. Hemoglobin D. A & B E. All of the above |
all of the above
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What is the first site of production for red blood cells?
A. Bone marrow B. Liver C. Spleen D. Yolk sac E. Placenta |
yolk sac
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Which of the following is a stimulus for red cell production?
A. Erythropoietin B. Decreased tissue oxygenation C. High altitude D. A & B E. All of the above |
all of the above
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What is the normal lifespan of a red blood cell?
A. 72 hours B. 50 days C. 10 weeks D. 4 months E. 2 years |
4 months
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Where is the majority of old red cells destroyed?
A. Thymus B. Bone marrow C. GI tract D. Spleen E. Heart |
spleen
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Which of the following is the over production of red blood cells?
A. Leukemia B. Megaloblastic anemia C. Polycythemia D. Aplastic anemia E. Hemosideroses |
polycythemia
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Which of the following are not whole cells?
A. Basophil B. Platelets C. Lymphocyte D. Monocyte E. Neutrophil |
platelets
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Which of the following is the movement of a white cell through a capillary wall?
A. Margination B. Diapedesis C. Chemotaxis D. Permeability E. Migration |
diapedesis
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Which of the following is an example of innate immunity?
A. Neutrophils B. B cells C. Antibodies D. T cells E. Cell mediated immunity |
neutrophils
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Which of the following is an example of acquired immunity?
A. Lysozymes B. Complement complex C. Natural killer lymphocytes D. Skin E. Humoral immunity |
humoral immunity
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All of the following are part of the flight or fight response of the sympathetic nervous system except for ______.
A. Increased blood flow to exercising muscle B. Increased heart rate C. Increased blood glucose concentration D. Increased mental activity E. Increased rate of digestion |
increased rate of digestion
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In the ANS the firing rate of the active nerve imparts the information not simply because it fires.
A. True B. False |
true
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Which of the following statements is true of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
A. Continually produces action potentials B. Senses the external environment C. Composed of three components, central, sympathetic, and parasympathetic D. Neurotransmitter is always norepinephrine |
continually produces action potentials
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Which of the following items is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nerve fibers innervating the sweat glands?
A. GABA B. Norepinephrine C. Epinephrine D. Acetylcholine |
acetylcholine
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Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT carry parasympathetic nerve fibers?
A. III B. VII C. VIII D. IX |
VIII
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Which of the following is a cholinergic receptor?
A. Alpha 1 B. Beta 1 C. Alpha 2 D. Muscarinic |
muscarinic
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Which of the following selections is the best definition a negative feedback control system?
A. Moves the controlled variable in the same direction as the disturbance B. Utilizes data from two or more sensor systems to move the controlled variable in the opposite direction from the disturbance C. Moves the controlled variable in the opposite direction from the disturbance maintaining homeostasis D. Moves the controlled variable further from set point |
Moves the controlled variable in the opposite direction from the disturbance maintaining homeostasis
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Which of the following statements best describes a feed forward control system?
A. Normally pathological B. Utilizes two or more sensors in order to anticipate changes in the controlled variable and rapidly return it to its set point C. Moves the controlled variable away from its set point D. Prevents the establishment of a set point for the controlled variable |
B. Utilizes two or more sensors in order to anticipate changes in the controlled variable and rapidly return it to its set point
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Which of the following is NOT a true statement concerning human body hydration?
A. The average American is 56% water B. The average hydration of the American population indicates that the American population is obese C. Extracellular fluid is 2/3 of total body water D. To be considered fully hydrated the human body should be 72% water |
Extracellular fluid is 2/3 of total body water
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Which of the following statements is true of human body control systems?
A. Prevent any deviation of controlled variables from set points B. Are primarily endocrine or neural C. Act only in emergency situations D. Have efficiency ratings of 100% |
are primarily endocrine or neural
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Which of the following is directly responsible for antibody production?
A. T cells B. B cells C. Memory cells D. Plasma cells E. Lymphocytes |
plasma cells
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Which of the following is associated with cell-mediated immunity?
A. B cells B. Antibodies C. Plasma cells D. Macrophages E. T cells |
T cells
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Which class of immunoglobulins has the largest structure?
A. IgA B. IgD C. IgE D. IgG E. IgM |
IgM
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Which class of immunoglobulins can cross the placenta?
A. IgA B. IgD C. IgE D. IgG E. IgM |
IgG
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Which class of immunoglobulins is found in the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and GI tracts?
A. IgA B. IgD C. IgE D. IgG E. IgM |
IgA
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Which class of immunoglobulins increases primarily during an allergic response?
A. IgA B. IgD C. IgE D. IgG E. IgM |
IgA
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Which of the following is a method of binding antigens used by antibodies?
A. Precipitation B. Agglutination C. Opsonization D. Lysis E. All of the above |
all of the above
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Which of the following initiates the classical pathway of the complement system?
A. Microorganism B. Macrophage C. Monocyte D. Antigen-antibody complex E. memory cells |
antigen-antibody complex
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Which of the following is the largest fraction of the blood volume?
A. Plasma B. Red blood cells C. White blood cells D. Platelets E. Plasma cells |
plasma
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Which of the following choices is the best description of an endocrine gland?
A. Releases its products through ducts leading to the body surface B. Releases its products directly into the blood supply C. Hormone producing cells surround a central ascini D. Gland only produces one product |
B. Releases its products directly into the blood supply
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Which of the following statements apply to hydrophobic hormones only?
A. Regulated primarily by negative feedback mechanisms B. Act on distant target cells C. May be found in blood minutes to hours after secretion D. Requires blood proteins for transport |
requires blood proteins for transport
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Which of the following is the active portion of the total hormone supply?
A. Transport protein bound B. Free fraction C. Glandular storage D. hormone synthesis |
free fraction
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Which of the following would NOT be a function of the endocrine system?
A. Growth and development of the body B. Maintain metabolism C. Direct protein synthesis and degradation D. Increase blood coagulation rate |
D. Increase blood coagulation rate
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Hormonal actions are very fast acting, less than a thousand of a second.
A. True B. False |
false
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What is the major constituent of blood?
A. Red blood cell B. White blood cells C. Platelets D. Water E. Oxygen |
water
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What substance, formed in the kidneys, is a stimulator for red blood cell production?
A. Erythropoietin B. Epinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Glycoprotein E. Prostaglandins |
erythropoietin
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What is the end product of red blood cell degradation?
A. Hemoglobin B. Transferrin C. Ferritin D. Bilirubin E. Vitamin B-12 |
bilirubin
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Which of the following is associated with megaloblastic anemia?
A. Lack of iron B. Lack of oxygen C. Aplastic bone marrow D. Small, fragile RBCs E. Lack of vitamin Bl2 |
lack of vitamin B12
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Which of the following is most likely elevated during a bacterial infection?
A. Neutrophils B. Lymphocytes C. Monocytes D. Eosinophils E. Basophils |
neutrophils
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Which of the following is most likely elevated during a parasitic infection?
A. Neutrophils B. Lymphocytes C. Monocytes D. Eosinophils E. Basophils |
eosinophils
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Which of the following is most likely elevated during a viral infection?
A. Neutrophils B. Lymphocytes C. Monocytes D. Eosinophils E. Basophils |
lymphocytes
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Which of the following generally resides in the reticuloendothelial tissue as macrophages?
A. Neutrophils B. Lymphocytes C. Monocytes D. Eosinophils E. Basophils |
monocytes
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Which of the following is a term referring to the movement of neutrophils through a capillary into the surrounding tissue?
A. Inflammation B. Margination C. Diapedesis D. Chemotaxis E. Neutrophilia |
diapedesis
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Which of the following is released by activated macrophages to stimulate the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow?
A. Interleukin 1 B. Interleukin 2 C. Interleukin 3 D. Interleukin 4 E. Interleukin 5 |
interleukin 1
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Which of the following is a component of pus?
A. Necrotic tissue B. Dead neutrophils C. Dead macrophages D. Tissue fluid E. All of the above |
all of the above
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Which of the following is the uncontrolled production of white blood cells?
A. Leukopenia B. Leukemia C. Polycythemia D. Erythropoiesis E. Hemopoiesis |
leukemia
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Which of the following is an example of innate immunity?
A. Tissue macrophage system B. Immunity following expose to pathogen C. Antibodies D. Activated lymphocyte E. Vaccination |
tissue macrophage system
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Which of the following is an example of acquired immunity?
A. Lysozyme B. Complement complex C. WBC phagocytosis D. GI digestive enzymes E. Antibody production |
antibody production
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Hormones act on the body in a similar to the nervous system, but there are differences. Which of the following is a difference between nervous regulation and endocrine regulation of the human body?
A. Act on receptors on target cells B. Act in Minutes to hours C. Release chemical agents D. Control cellular physiological responses |
Act in Minutes to hours
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A normal human if well hydrated should contain about _______ water.
A. 56% B. 42% C .72% D. 87% |
72%
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Which of the following neurotransmitters would be considered cholinergic?
A. Norepinephrine B. Epinephrine C. Adrenaline D. Acetylcholine |
Acetylcholine
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Which of the following would NOT be considered a normal endocrine gland?
A. Kidney B. Thyroid C. Pituitary D. Thymus |
kidney
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. In the organization of the ANS which of the following would be considered the most subordinant?
A. Spinal cord B. Hypothalamus C. Visceral reflexes D. Brain stem |
Visceral reflexes
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Which of the following would NOT be under hormonal control?
A. Normal blood ion concentrations B. Rate of cellular metabolism C. Synthesis of new molecules D. Skeletal muscle contraction |
Skeletal muscle contraction
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Which of the following cell types is NOT normally controlled by Hormones?
A. Vascular smooth muscle B. Cardiac muscle C. Skeletal muscle D. Kidney cells |
skeletal muscle
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What is the name of the process by which cells change the number of receptors they express on their surface in response to changes in the concentration of their hormone?
A. Numerical receptor regulation B. Receptor hormone integration C. Receptor overload regulation D. Receptor up or down regulation |
Receptor up or down regulation
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Autocrine hormones act on the same cell which releases them T/F
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true
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How are hydrophobic hormones such as steroids and thyroid hormones transported in the water matrix of the blood stream?
A. Released only very small amounts B. Transported attached to VLDL. HDL, or LDL C. Transported on blood proteins D. Transported attached to cholesterol esters |
Transported on blood proteins
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What is the source of biogenic amines?
A. Cholesterol B. Proteins C. Glucose D. Amino acids |
Amino acids
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The eicosanoids hormones are short proteins. T/F
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false
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What is the free fraction of a hormone?
A. That portion of glandular storied hormone released to the blood stream B. That portion of hormones which are free in the blood stream to bind receptors C. The portion of hormones not released into the blood stream D. The free hormones in the blood stream after they have activated a receptor and free to activate another |
That portion of hormones which are free in the blood stream to bind receptors
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Several hormones act through second messenger systems. Which of the following second messenger systems requires the activation of Phospholipase C ?
A. Calcium B. IP3 C. cAMP |
IP3
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. Which of the following has a short preganglionic neuron and a long postganglionic neuron?
A. Sympathetic system B. Parasympathetic system |
sympathetic system
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Which of the following is NOT a cholinergic receptor? (MAQ)
A. Alpha1 B. Beta1 C Nicotinic D. Muscarinic |
Nicotinic, muscarinic
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Which of the following is associated with anemia?
A. decreased white cell deferential B. elevated erythrocyte count C. decreased hematocrit D. elevated hemoglobin count |
decreased hematorcrit
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Which of the following is not a major function of red blood cells?
A. transport B. hemosiderosis C. hemostasis D. homeostasis |
hemosiderosis
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What physical property of erythrocytes aids their flow through capillaries?
A. size B. texture C. shape D. concentration |
shape
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Which of the following is affected by altitude?
A. hemoglobin quantity B. RBC concentration C. hematocrit D. all of the above |
all of the above
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Where do RBCs originate?
A. yolk sac B. liver C. spleen D. lymph nodes |
yolk sac
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Which of the following is the same for all blood cells?
A. size B. shape C. site of maturation D. cell origin |
cell origin
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Which of the following will lead to reduction in total number of RBCs?
A. iron deficiency B. folate deficiency C. kidney failure D. vitamin B12 deficiency |
kidney failure
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Which of the following will stimulate the production of erythrocytes?
A. inactivity B. reduced tissue oxygenation C. high protein diet D. high carbohydrate diet |
reduced tissue oxygenation
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Which of the following is associated with pernicious anemia?
A. iron deficiency B. folate deficiency C. vitamin B6 deficiency D. lack of intrinsic factor |
lack of intrinsic factor
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What types of amino acid chains are associated with adult hemoglobin?
A. alpha and beta B. beta and gamma C. gamma and delta D. delta and alpha |
alpha and beta
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What is the end waste product of RBC degradation?
A. bilirubin B. urobilinogen C. protein D. iron |
bilirubin
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How many molecules of oxygen can be carried by 1 hemoglobin molecule?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 |
4
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Which of the following foods will most enhance the absorption of iron in the GI tract?
A. milk B. orange juice C. protein D. carbohydrates |
orange juice
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Which form of iron in the body is most likely to lead to tissue damage?
A. apotransferrin B. transferrin C. hemosiderin D. ferritin |
hemosiderin
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Which of the following is a cause of factor deficiency anemia?
A. iron deficiency B. chronic renal disease C. hypothyroidism D. hemorrhage |
iron deficiency
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Which of the following is associated with production-defect anemia?
A. folic acid deficiency B. bone marrow infection C. hemorrhage D. hemolytic anemia |
bone marrow infection
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Which of the following is a cause of depletion anemia?
A. hypersplenism B. vitamin B12 deficiency C. radiation exposure D. aplastic anemia |
hyper splenism
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What RBC morphology is associated with the most common anemia?
A. microcytic, hyperchromic B. microcytic, hypochromic C. macrocytic, hyperchromic D. macrocytic, hypochromic |
microcytic, hypochromic
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What RBC morphology is associated with pernicious anemia?
A. microcytic, hyperchromic B. microcytic, hypochromic C. macrocytic, hyperchromic D. macrocytic, hypochromic |
macrocytic, hypochromic
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Which of the following could be a cause for a false-positive polycythemia diagnosis?
A. overhydration B. dehydration C. pregnancy D. fluid retention |
dehydration
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Which of the following can lead to secondary polycythemia?
A. heart failure B. high altitude C. chronic lung disorders D. all of the above |
all of the above
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Which of the following is associated with 8% peripheral blastic cells of myeloid origin?
A. CML B. AML C. CLL D. ALL |
CML
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Which of the following is associated with 40% peripheral blastic cells of lymphoid origin?
A. CML B. ANLL C. CLL D. ALL |
ALL
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Which of the following is associated with 35% peripheral blastic cells of myeloid origin?
A. CML B. ANLL C. CLL D. ALL |
ANLL
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Which of the following is associated with 9% peripheral blastic cells of lymphoid origin?
A. CML B. AML C. CLL D. ALL |
CLL
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. In the eye which of the following causes pupil dilation?
A. Sympathetic B. Parasympathetic |
sympathetic
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In the GI tract which of the following increases GI activity?
A. Sympathetic B. Parasympathetic |
parasympathetic
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All of the following are part of the Mass sympathetic response except for which of the following?
A. Increased arterial pressure B. Increased cell metabolism C. Shunting of blood to active sites D. Increased GI activity |
Increased GI activity
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. Which of the following would define a negative feedback system?
A. A system which moves the controlled variable in the opposite direction and of equal magnitude as the disturbance B. A system which does not attempt to correct the controlled variable C. A system which always attempts to return the controlled variable to a set point D. A system which acts to move the controlled variable in the same direction as the disturbance |
A system which always attempts to return the controlled variable to a set point
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Present automobile engines have a greater gain than does the control systems of the human body. T/F
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False
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. Which of the following would define a feedforward system?
A. A system which moves the control variable forward in response to a disturbance B. A system which moves the control variable always in the positive direction C. A system which incrementally increases the variable then stops to test the result before advancing again D. A system which anticipates changes in the controlled variable and begins to correct the changes before they can become serious |
system which anticipates changes in the controlled variable and begins to correct the changes before they can become serious
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Which of the following is a normal positive feedback system of the human body?
A. Muscle contraction B. Maturation of stem cells C. Nutrient absorption D. Blood clot formation |
blood clot formation
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What is the free fraction of a hormone?
A. Hormone free in the blood plasma that can bind to receptors B. Hormone bound to blood proteins C. Hormone that is released from the producing gland D. That portion of the hormone which is actively bound to a receptor |
Hormone free in the blood plasma that can bind to receptors
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T F Positive feedback control systems are always pathological.
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FALSE
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Where do the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system synapse with the postganglionic neurons?
A. On the target organ B. In the celiac or superior mesenteric ganglia C. In the paravertebral ganglia D. In the brain stem |
On the target organ
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How is it possible that hormones released into the body fluids can be targeted to affect just certain cells and not others?
A. Hormones are designed to seek only their targeted cells B. The blood stream is carefully regulated so that hormones reach only their targets and no other cells C. Hormones are specially designed so that they can only influence their target cells D. Cells that are targeted express a specific receptor for the hormone |
Cells that are targeted express a specific receptor for the hormone
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T F Positive feedback control systems help to maintain homeostasis.
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F
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Which of the following is NOT considered a normal human regulatory system?
A. Endocrine system B. Intrinsic control system C. Respiratory system D. Nervous system |
Respiratory system
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. Which of the following determines the cellular physiological response to ANS stimulation?
A. The neurotransmitter released B. Cellular receptors expressed C. The tissue type D. The cells position in the tissue mass |
Cellular receptors expressed
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How does vitalism change the definition of Physiology?
A. Adds a mechanistic aspect B. Adds a living aspect C. Adds a spiritual aspect D. Adds nothing |
Adds a spiritual aspect
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Which of the following is NOT part of the fight or flight response of the ANS?
A. Increased arterial blood pressure B. Increased cell metabolism C. Increased blood glucose concentration D. Increased glucose absorption from the GI tract |
Increased glucose absorption from the GI tract
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T F The sympathetic nerves which innervate the piloerector muscles release norepinephrine.
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F
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T F The sympathetic preganglionic neuron is much longer than the postganglionic neuron.
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F
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Which of the following cranial nerves carries up to 75% of the parasympathetic nerves?
A. VII B. III C. X D. IX |
X
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Which of the following is considered the master gland of the endocrine system?
A. Thymus B. Adrenals C. Thyroid D. Pituitary |
Pituitary
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Sympathetic nerves normally release norepinephrine to their target cells with the exception of which of following?
A. Skeletal muscle B. Cardiac muscle C. Sweat glands D. Vascular smooth muscle |
Sweat glands
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. T F Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to maintain its internal environment very nearly constant.
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T
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Which of the following defines the free fraction of a hormone?
A. Hormone released from its producing cell B. Portion of hormone that is bound to its receptor C. Hormone not bound to a blood protein D. Portion of hormone lost to the body through excretion in the urine |
hormone not bound to a protein
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What would the open loop gain have to be on a control system that maintained the control variable exactly at its set point at all times?
A. Zero B. 10 C. 50 D. Infinite |
infinite
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Which of the following hormones are meant to cause changes in the cell that released it?
A. Endocrine B. Autocrine C. Paracrine |
Autocrine
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What is the primary purpose of the ANS?
A. Move the body B. Control nerve traffic C. Automatically control the viscera D. Eliminate the need for thought |
Automatically control the viscera
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Which of the following is true for red blood cells?
A. oval disc shape B. diameter is smaller than a capillary C. concentration is greater in men than women D. normally produced by the spleen |
concentration is greater in men than women
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What is the approximate adult concentration of red blood cells per cubic millimeter?
A. 5,000 B. 50,000 C. 500,000 D. 5,000,000 |
5,000,000
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In human development, where is the original site for red blood production?
A. bone marrow B. yolk sac C. spleen D. liver |
yolk sac
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Which of the following stimulates red cell production?
A. low altitude B. interleukin-3 C. decreased kidney function D. elevated O2 pressure in the atmosphere |
interleukin-3
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. In the adult, which of the following is a primary site for red cell production?
A. tibia B. femur C. humerus D. vertebra |
vertebra
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What is the end product of red cell destruction?
A. bilirubin B. biliverdin C. urobilinogen D. stercobilin |
bilirubin
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Which of the following enhances iron absorption?
A. calcium B. vitamin C C. dairy products D. vitamin B12 E. intrinsic factor |
vitamin C
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Which of the following is a cause of megaloblastic anemia?
A. excessive folate B. iron deficiency C. inadequate vitamin B12 D. microcytic cells |
C. inadequate vitamin B12
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Which of the following is evidence of immature red blood cells?
A. microcytic cells B. retics C. hypochromic cells D. hyperchromic cells |
retics
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Which of the following percentages is a normal hematocrit for a male living in the DFW area?
A. 33 B. 43 C. 53 D. 63 |
43
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Which of the following is associated with pernicious anemia?
A. decreased intrinsic factor B. elevated B12 C. decreased folic acid D. elevated folate |
A. decreased intrinsic factor
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Which of the following is associated with the most common form of adult hemoglobin?
A. gamma chains B. delta chains C. hemoglobin F D. hemoglobin A |
hemoglobin A
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Which of the following will phagocytize hemoglobin?
A. the spleen B. liver Kupffer cells C. bone marrow D. all of the above |
all of the above
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Which of the following is a deficiency of red blood cells?
A. polycythemia B. leukemia C. anemia D. pseudoanemia |
anemia
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Which of the following can lead to a factor deficiency anemia?
A. aplastic bone marrow B. severe infection C. poor diet D. renal disease |
poor diet
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Which of the following can cause a production-defect anemia?
A. iron deficiency B. vitamin B 12 deficiency C. widespread malignancy D. all of the above |
widespread malignancy
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Which of the following is associated with depletion anemia?
A. bone marrow aplasia B. hemolytic anemia C. renal failure D. all of the above |
hemolytic anemia
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What morphology is seen with the most common form of anemia?
A. microcytic, hypochromic B. microcytic, hyperchromic C. macrocytic, hypochromic D. macrocytic, hyperchromic |
microcytic, hypochromic
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Which of the following corresponds with 40% blastic cells of myeloid origin?
A. CML B. CNLL C. ALL D. AML |
AML
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Which of the following corresponds with 8% blastic cells of lymphoid origin?
A. CLL B. CNLL C. ALL D. CML |
CLL
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What is the most likely cause of an elevated neutrophil count?
A. bacterial infection B. viral infection C. allergies D. parasites |
bacterial infection
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. What is the most likely cause of an elevated lymphocyte count?
A. bacterial infection B. viral infection C. allergies D. parasites |
viral infection
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What is the most likely cause of an elevated eosinophil count?
A. bacterial infection B. viral infection C. allergies D. tissue damage |
allergies
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Which white blood cell is least abundant?
A. basophil B. eosinophil C. lymphocyte D. monocyte E. neutrophil |
basophil
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Which white blood cell is most abundant?
A. basophil B. eosinophil C. lymphocyte D. monocyte E. neutrophil |
neutrophil
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Which of the following is associated with inflammation?
A. diapedesis B. margination C. chemotaxis D. all of the above |
all of the above
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Which of the following release interleukin-1?
A. basophil B. eosinophil C. lymphocyte D. monocyte E. neutrophil |
monocyte
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Which of the following is associated with the reticuloendothelial system?
A. basophil B. eosinophil C. lymphocyte D. monocyte E. neutrophil |
monocyte
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Which white blood cell is primarily responsible for tissue repair?
A. basophil B. eosinophil C. lymphocyte D. monocyte E. neutrophil |
monocyte
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Which of the following are phagocytes?
A. neutrophils B. monocytes C. eosinophils D. all of the above |
all of the above
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