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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
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Skin
Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loss of connective tissue Pericranium |
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What is the first layer of the scalp?
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Skin-- very vascular containing hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
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What is the second layer of the scalp?
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Connective tissue -- highly innervated and vascular
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What is the third layer of the scalp?
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Aponeurosis -- fascia that connects the frontalis to occipitalis
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What is the fourth layer of the scalp?
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Loss of connective tissue -- a potential space that allows the scalp to move freely
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What is the fifth layer of the scalp?
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Pericranium -- periostium of the cranium. attached to the skull by Sharpey's fibers.
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What makes the face able to produce many facial expressions?
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the muscles of the face are embedded within the subcutaneous fascia
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What are the nerves of the facial muscles?
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via the five branches of the Facial nerve (CN 7)
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Procerus Muscle
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O - continuation of the frontalis muscle
I - skin over nasal ridge A - wrinkle the skin over the nose |
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Orbicularis Oculi Muscle
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I - wraps around the tarsal plates and fans out
A - sphincter for the orbit and opens the eye |
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Corrugator Supercilii Muscle
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O - nasal bone and orbicularis oculi
I - into the skin of the eye brow A - pulls the eye brow in and down |
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Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi Muscle
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O - maxillary bone just inferior to the infraorbital foramen
I - Upper lip and cartilage of the nose A - Elevate the upper lips and nose AKA - Elvis muscle |
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Zygomaticus Muscles (Major)
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O - lateral aspect of the zygomatic bone
I - corner of the mouth A - smiling and laughing |
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Zygomaticus Muscle (Minor)
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O - lateral to the infraorbital foramen
I - corner of the mouth A - smiling and laughing |
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Risorius Muscle
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I - usually blends into the platysma
A - pulls the corner of the mouth |
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Orbicularis Oris Muscle
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O - either commissure of the mouth
I - sutaneous fascia of the upper and lower lips A - sphincter of the mouth (1st sphincter of the digestive sys. |
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Depressor speti Nasi Muscle
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O - macilla superior to the central incisor
I - into the cartilaginous part of the nasal septum A - opens the naris |
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Depressor anguli Oris
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O - inferior fibers of the platysma
I - blends with the orbicularis oris into the corner of the mouth A - depress the corner of the mouth |
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depressor Labii Inferioris
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O - mandible lateral to the mental protuberance
I - blends with orbicularis oris A - pulls the corner of the mouth down |
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Buccinator
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O - alveolar arch of maxilla and mandible
I - intergigitate with the orbicularis oris A - holds the cheek against the mouth |
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What two cranial nerves innervate the face?
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Facial and Trigeminal
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where does the facial nerve exit the cranial vault?
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internral acoustic foramina
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where does the facial nerve exit the skull?
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stylomastoid foramina
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What gland does the facial nerve pierce?
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parotid gland
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What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?
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Temporal
Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical |
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Temporal branch of facial nerve
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emerges from the parotid gland and innervates the frontalis and orbicularis oculi
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Zygomatic Branch of facial nerve
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exits the parotid gland to innervate the lower portion of the orbicularis oculi
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Buccal Branch of facial nerve
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over the masseter into the buccal fat. It innervates the buccinator muscle and lateral orbicularis oris
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Mandibular Branch of facial nerve
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over the ramus of the mandible deep to platysma to supply the lower lip
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Cervical Branch of facial nerve
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exits the parotid gland and deep the the platysma
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What are the divisions of the Trigeminal nerve?
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Ophthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2) Mandibular (V3) |
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What is the function of the Trigeminal nerve?
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Sensory of the head and face
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What is the function of the facial nerve?
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Motor function of the face and neck
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Ophthalmic Division
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supply the skin on the forehead and inner aspect of the nasal cavity
enters the skull via the superior orbital fissure |
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Maxillary Division
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innervation of the upper lips, zygomatic area
supplies the upper teeth, gums and hard palate enters the skull via the foramen rotundum |
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Mandubular Division
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supplies the skin of the lower lip and chin, lower lip and gums.
enters the mandible via the mental foramen enters the cranium via foramen ovale |
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Where does the facial artery arise from?
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external carotid artery
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Which triangle of the neck does the facial artery arise from?
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Submandibular triangle
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what does the facial artery give rise to?
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superior labial artery
angular artery |
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Why is the pattern of venous drainage dangerous in the face?
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the dangerous triangle - from the nasoforntal junction to the lateral corners of the mouth
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why is the dangerous triangle dangerous?
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due to the way that some of the facial veins drain into the cavernous sinus of the brain, infection may spread from the face to the brain.
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What is the largest salivary gland of the head?
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Parotid Gland
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What is the parotid gland surrounded by?
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Investing fascia
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Where is the parotid gland located?
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superficial to the masseter muscle
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What innervates the parotid gland?
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parasympathetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9)
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how long is the parotid duct?
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3-4 cm.
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What muscle does the parotid duct pierce?
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buccinator
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Where does the parotid duct enter in the oral cavity?
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2nd molar
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temporalis muscle
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O - temporal lines of frontal and parietal bones
I - coronoid process A - elevator of the mandible N - V3 |
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Masseter Muscle
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O - xygoma
I - ramus of the mandible A - elevator of the mandible N - V3 |
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Maxdillary artery has how many sections in relation to the Lateral pterygoid muscle?
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Mandibular part
Pterygoid/muscular part Pterygopalatine part |
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What is the shortest part of the maxillary artery?
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mandibular part from the external carotid artery.
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What branches does the mandibular part give off?
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Deep auricular - EAM
Anterior tympanic - tympanic memebrane Middle memgeal artery - supplies the dura mater Accessory meningeal artery - into cranium Inferior alveolar artery - teeth and gums |
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What is the longest part of the maxillary artery?
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second part /pterygoid/ muscular part
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What branches does the pterygoid part give off?
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Deep temporal - terporalis
Massteric - through the mandibular notch Pterygoid - supplies the pterygoids Buccal - supply the buccinator |
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What branches does the pterygopalatine part give off?
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Post. Sup. Alveolar
Infraorbiatal - Descending palatine artery - roof of the mouth Pharyngeal - pharynx, sphenoid sinus and eustachian tube Arter6y to the pterygoid canal Sphenopalatine - supply the nasal cavith, sinuses and nasal septum. |
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Where is the pterygoid venous plexus located?
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between the temporalis and the lateral pterygoid.
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Where is the otic ganglion located?
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just inferior to teh foramen ovale. this is the ganglia that carries the sensory of the glossopharyngeal nerve to the parotid gland.
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What type of nerve is the mandibular nerve?
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Mixed motor and sensory
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Where is the pterygoid venous plexus located?
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between the temporalis and the lateral pterygoid muscle
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What is the purpose of the pterygoid venous plexus?
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extensive communication between the facial vein and cavernous sinus of dura matter
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Where is the otic ganglion located?
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inferior to the foramen ovale
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What does the otic ganglion control?
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sensory of the glossopharyngeal nerve to the parotid gland
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What type of nerve is the mandibular nerve
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Mixed motor and sensory
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What does the mandibular nerve supply?
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sensory to the lower theeth and gums and the skin of the lower jaw.
(V3) motor to the muscles of mastication |
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What are the branches of the mandibular nerve?
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Auriculotemporal
buccal inferior alveolar lingual |
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Where does the auriculotemporal nerve travel?
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wraps around the middle meningeal artery
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What does the auriculotemporal nerve innervate?
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Motor - parotid gland
Sensory - auricle TMJ |
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What does the buccal nerve innervate?
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sensory to the buccal muscle
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What does the inferior alveolar nerve innervate?
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Sensory to the lower jaw
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Where does the inferior alveolar nerve enter the mandible?
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alveolar foramen withe the inferior alveolar artery
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what nerve does the inferior alveolar nerve give rise to?
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mylohyoid nerve
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What sensory components does the Lingual nerve have?
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general sensory and special sensory
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Medial pterygoid Origin
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maxillary tuberosity
lateral pterygoid plate pterygoid process of sphenoid |
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Medial Pterygoid insertion
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mandibular ramus
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Medial pterygoid action
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Bilaterally - elevation and protraction
Unilateral - grinding action |
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Medial pterygoid innervation
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Mandibular branch of trigeminal
V3 |
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Lateral Pyerygoid Origin
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great wing of sphenoid
lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid |
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Lateral Pyerygoid Insertion
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neck of mandibular condyle
articular capsule of TMJ articular disc of TMJ |
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Lateral Pyerygoid Action
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Bilaterally - protraction and depression
Unilateral - grinding action |
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Lateral Pyerygoid Innervation
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Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
V3 |
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What type of joint is the TMJ?
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modified synovial double condyloid hinge joint
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What function does the superior facet have?
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allows gliding movement
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What function does the inferior facet have?
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allows hinge movement
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Muscles of mastication - Depressors
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Infrahyoid
Suprahyoid lateral pterygoid |
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Muscles of mastication - Elevators
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Masseter
temporalis medial pterygoid |
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Muscles of mastication - Protractors
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Lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid masseter |
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Muscles of mastication - Retractors
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temporalis
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What are the divisions of the oral cavity?
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vestibular cavity
oral cavity proper |
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What is the area of the vestibular cavity?
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between the buccal gigiva teeth and cheeks
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What is the area of the oral cavity proper?
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the alveolar arch to the palatoglossal arch
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What is the vascular supply of the lips?
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superior and inferior labial arteries from the facial artery
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What innervates the upper lip?
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V2
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What innervates the lower lip
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Mental nerve from V3
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What is the vermilion border?
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light line of skin that separates the keratinized from nonkeratinized area of the lip.
Has a very poor blood supply |
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What is the philtrum?
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from the external nasal septum to the vermilion line
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What muscle forms the lateral wall of the vestibular caqvity?
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Buccal muscle
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Where does the parotid duct exit into the oral cavity?
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2nd maxillary molar
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How many deciduous teeth do children have?
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20
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How many secondary teeth do adults have?
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32 (including the wisdom teeth)
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What forms the roof of the oral cavity proper?
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palate
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Where are the palatine tonsils located?
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between the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus folds
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What is the function of the hard palate?
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for mashing food against with the tongue
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What are the foramina of the hard palate?
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Incisive
Greater palatine Lesser palatine |
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What nerve travels through the incisive foramina?
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nasopalatine nerve from V2
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What nerve travels through the greater palatine foramina?
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greater papatine artery and nerve from V2
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What exits through the lesser palatine foramina?
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Lesser palatine artery and nerve from V2
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Levator veli palatini
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O - temporal bone
I - interdigitate with the palatine aponeurosis A - elevates soft palate during swallowing N - pharyngeal plexus of vagus |
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Tensor veli palatini
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O - sphenoid cartilage of eustacian tube
I - palatine aponeurosis A - increases the diameter of the oral entrance when swallowing or yawning N - medial pterygoid |
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Palatoglossus
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O - palatine fascia
I - blends with tongue muscle A - elevates dorsum of tongue posterior and superior N - pharyngeal plexus of vagus |
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Palatopharyngeus
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O - palatine bone
I - pharynx A - elevates the pharynx during swallowing N - pharyngeal plexus of vagus |
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What is the sublingual fold?
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wher the deep lingual blood vessels and the lingual nerve are located
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Where is the sublingual gland located?
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within the musculature of the tongue
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Where is the opening for the sublingual gland?
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at the sublingual caruncle
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What nerves make up the pharyngeal plexus?
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CN 9, 10, and 11
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What type of innervation does the pharyngeal plexus provide?
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general sensory to the posterior 1/3 tongue
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What type of innervation does the hypoglossal nerve provide to the tongue?
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motor to the tongue
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What nerve accounts for the general sensory to anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
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Lingual nerve from V3
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What type of innervation does the facial nerve provide to the tongue?
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special sensory
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What is the major blood supply to the tongue?
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Lingual artery
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Where is the submandibular gland located?
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inferior to the angle of the ramus
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What artery does the submandibular gland surround?
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facial artery
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What innervates the submandibular gland?
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Facial nerve
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What artery supplies the submandibular gland?
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submandibular artery from the facial artery
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Where is the sublingual gland located?
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withing the genioglossus muscle
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What innervates the sublingual gland?
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facial nerve
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What bones form the nasal apparatus?
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nasal bone (2)
nasal process of frontal (1) frontal process of maxilla (2) |
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What forms the nasal septum?
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perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
vomer septal cartilage |
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What does the lateral wall of the nasal cavity communicate with?
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Frontal sinus - middle concha
Macillary sinus - middle concha Ethmoid cells - middle concha Nasolacrimal duct - inferior concha |
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What forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
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vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bones
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What forms the superior wall of the nasal cavity?
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olfactory mucosa
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What does the posterior wall open up into?
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nasopharynx
sphenoid sinus eustacian tube |
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What is the arterial supply to the nasal cavity?
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ophthalmic artery
sphenopalatine artery |
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What innervates the nasal cavity?
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Olfactory - General sensory
V2 Nasopalatine nerve |
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How long is the external auditory meatus?
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2.5 cm long
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What is the innervation to the external ear?
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Auriculotemporal
Auricular branch of vagus (AKA- Jacobs nerve) |
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What are the dimensions of the tympanic membrane?
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1 cm to 8 mm in diameter
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What forms the lateral wall of the middle ear?
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tympanic membrane
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What forms the roof/tegmental wall?
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seperates the middle ear from the dura matter
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What forms the floor/jugular wall?
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seperates the middle ear from the internal jugular vein
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What forms the anterior/ carotid wall?
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at the superior it has the opening for the auditory tube and tensor tympani muscle
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What forms the posterior / mastoid wall?
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has an opening to the tympanic antrum (air cells) and to the facial nerve
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What forms the medial / labyrinthine wall?
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bulge called the promontory and the tympanic plexus (CN 9 and 10)
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How long is the auditory tube?
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4 cm
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What are the other names of the eustacian tube?
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Auditory
Pharyngotympanic |
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What tissue type is the eustacian tube made of ?
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cartilage
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What is the function of the eustacian tube?
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to equilibrate air pressure at either side of the tympanic membrane
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What is the blood supply to the eustacian tube?
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Middle meningeal
Pterygoid canal arteries |
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What is attached to the malleus?
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tympanic membrane
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What does the incus articulate with?
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malleus and stapes
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What is attached to the stapes?
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foramen ovale
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Tensor tympani
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O - temporal bone
great wing of sphenoid I - malleus A - pulls malleus medially, reducing oscillation N - V3 |
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Stapedius
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O - posterior wall of tympanic cavity
I - neck of stapes A - pulls stapes posterior, reducing oscillation N - facial nerve |
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What is the function of the inner ear?
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hearing and balance
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Where is the internal ear located?
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withing the petrous temporal bone
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What makes up the membranous labyrinth?
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Utricle & Saccule
Semicircular Canals cochlear duct |
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What does the utricle and saccule contain?
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organs of static equilibrium
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What does the semicircular cdanals contain?
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sensory organs for dynamic equilibrium
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What does the cochlear duct contain?
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organ of Corti (hearing)
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How long is the internal acoustic meatus?
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about 1 cm long
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Where is the internal acoustic meatus located?
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petrous part of the temporal bone
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What nerves does the internal acoustic meatus contain?
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Facial Nerve (7)
Vestibulocochlear (8) |
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What does the orbit contain?
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eye
muscles of the eye optic nerve ophthalmic nerve lacrimal gland orbital fat associated blood vessels |
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What is the superior wall of the orbit composed of?
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frontal bone and the lesser wing of sphenoid bones
optic canal - optic nerve and ophthalmic artery |
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What is the inferior wall of the orbit composed of?
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maxillary bone
palatine zygomatic communicates via inferior orbital fissure |
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What is the medial wall of the orbit composed of ?
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ethmoid bone
frontal bone lacrimal sphenoid |
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What is the lateral wall of the orbit composed of ?
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sphenoid
frontal process of zygomatic communicates with the superior orbital fissure - V1, (III), (VI), (VII), Lacrimal |
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Levator Palpebrae Superioris
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O - lesser wing of sphenoid
I - superior tarsal plate A - opens the superior eyelid N - (III) |
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Where does the lacrimal glandt drain into?
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into the superior conjunctival fornix
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Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?
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in the nasal cavity, anterior inferior to the inferior nasal concha
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What are the 4 layers of the eye ball?
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Sclera
cornea vascular coat retinal layer |
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Does the sclera have blood supply?
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yes, very much
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Does the cornea have blood supply?
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no, it is avascular
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How much of the eye is covered by sclera?
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5/6
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How much of the eye is covered by the cornea?
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1/6
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What innervates the dura mater?
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(V)
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What is the falx cerebri?
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dura mater in between the cerebral hemispheres
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What is the falx cerebelli?
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dura mater in between the lobes of cerebellum
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What is the Tentorium Cerebelli?
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separates the occipital lobes of cerebrum from cerebellum
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What is the diaphragm Selli?
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covers the floor of the skull
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What forms the dentate ligaments?
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pia mater
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How much CSF is circulated per 24 hour period?
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150 mL. five times
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What produces CSF?
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choroid plexus within the ventricles of the brain
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What are the functions of CSF?
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cushioning
buoyancy |
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What bones form the anterior cranial fossa?
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ethmoid
sphenoid frontal |
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What foramina are formed in the anterior cranial fossa?
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cribriform foramina
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What bones form the middle cranial fossa?
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temporal
sphenoid |
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What are the foramina that the middle cranial fossa contain?
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optic canal
superior orbital fissure foramen rotundum foramen ovale foramen spinosum foramen lacerum |
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What bones are formed by the posterior cranial fossa?
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occipaital
temporal parietal |
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What foraminal are associated with the posterior cranial fossa?
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Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal |
