Parenting And Caring

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result of male and female intercourse or artificial insemination is the stage that begins when a woman carries a fertilised egg inside her body

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pregnancy

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occurs when the people involved have discussed the issue and decided to conceive a child

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planned

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can occur due to a lack of education about contraception ,resulting in misuse or ineffective use of contraception , or unprotected sexual intercourse

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unplanned

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occurs outside the female body

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IVF

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occurs inside the female body

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GIFT

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person or couple becomes the temporary parent or carer of a child or children who unable to live with their own family , paid a fortnight allowance , do not legal right to make decision for the child

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fostering

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the legal process by which an individual or a couple gains the legal rights and responsibilities for the care of a child whose birth parents are unable to or have chosen not to care for that child

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adaption

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refers to an arrangement where a woman becomes pregnant and gives birth to a child for another person who wishes to become a parent , with the intention of handling the child over to that person immediately after the birth , surrogate needs to adopt the child , commercial surrogacy is illegal in NSW only allowed to pay for medical expenses , surrogate mother seen as legal mother does not have to give the baby up

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surrogacy

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when a man or woman marries or forms a de facto relationship with a partner who has a child or children from a previous relationship , can't legally collect child from school sign a legal consent form a school trip take the child to a doctor sign a medical consent form for a hospital procedure for the child

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step parent

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didn't receive payment

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voluntary

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receives payment

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paid

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check immunity to rubella before conception , take folate , avoid contract sports ,educate self on the physical requirements and expected milestone of baby and self(mother)

adjust diet for optimal nutrition e.g. cut alcohol and caffeine , quit smoking , engage in regular exercise , attend antenatal classes ,get plenty of rest , reduce stress by doing yoga or meditation , (both )

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physical preparation for parents

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maintain physical fitness , get plenty of rest , learn how to lift property if required to reduce potential injury , have a nutritious diet , development knowledge of the physical requirements of individuals in your care , reduce stress by organising respite care for exercise or relaxation

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physical preparation for carers

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change type and frequency of social activities , change sleeping patterns as necessary , adapt to having less free time , spend time together as a family , allow more preparation time when going out , adapt to missing social interaction with work colleagues , learn how to communicate with and read body language of baby , development relationships with other parents with children of similar

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social preparation for parents

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adjust to effect on social life , adjust to caring role which may be very demanding sometimes 24/7 , learn how to interact with person with special needs , adjust to having less free time , address issue of social isolation by organising time to socialise

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social preparation for carers

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develop functional relationship with the child , be aware that partner may find it hard to support the mother and child emotionally ,be aware that mother's hormones may affect her ability to cope with pregnancy and/or newborn ,be aware that both parents may be anxious about birth and their ability to cope once baby comes home , deal with postnatal depression , be aware that biological mother may have low self esteem regarding post baby body , be aware that partner and any siblings may feel left out with attention focused on mother and baby , allow extended family to offer support and guidance , deal with anxiety about what future may hold

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emotional preparation for parents

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establish routines and emotional connection with person being cared for , develop functional relationship with person in care , deal with feelings of loneliness and isolation ,deal with partner or family members feeling neglected , acknowledge that carer may require reassurance that they are doing a good job , nurture emotional relationship with others , be aware that frustration may occur due to demands on carer's time , realise that caring for someone may allow the carer to feel that are contributing to society and facilitate personal growth

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emotional preparation for carers

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prepare for parents' medical cost , budget for maternity clothes ,baby clothes and equipment , organise finances/budgets for when parent(s) take maternity/paternity leave , budget for child's medical check ups , budget for childcare and baby sitting , budget for suitable food , budget for larger accommodation or vehicle if required , budget for child's education

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economic preparation for parents

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prepare for higher living costs , be aware that savings and superannuation may be very difficult to establish due to reduced income , identity financial support and how to access it , budget for medical costs any other support services required , budget for modifications to the house if required , budget for aged care facility or nursing home if required

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economic preparation for carers

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affect their level of development and level of care required

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age

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when the dependent has developed things that would be possible for him/her to contribute to the relationship and managements of resources

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skills

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will influence how effectively they are able to manage the resource available to them

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capabilities

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can be permanent or temporary that the dependant has will affect the level of responsibility of the parent or carer , and this in turn will influence the way in which the parent or carer manages their resources

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special needs

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how parents or carers manages it will depend on the demands of the parenting and caring relationship , and will in turn affect their ability to effectively manage their other resource e.g. allocating household jobs to family member , using labour saving devices such as dishwasher accessing formal support networks,preparing and freezing meals on weekends

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time

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demands are high are person demands to become parents or carer and resource management skills can suffer as a result of them being physically exhausted e.g. getting enough rest whenever possible , accessing support that allows carers to rest or do other tasks m organising a menu for the whole week so they only need to go shopping once

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energy

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have a significant effect on how parent or carer manages their resources e.g. seeking an advisor to help design a budget , accessing government payments or benefits and reducing mortgage repayments if possible

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finances

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can either add or detract from how parents or carers are able to effectively manage their resources with the caring relationship e.g. accessing community group such the Rotary to contribute to modifications , accessing government rental assistance and living with relative to reduce or share living expenses

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housing

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having knowledge and skills to access the services they need can greatly enhance their quality of life

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access to services

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is a person who is ,or adopts the role of a mother ,father or guardian , who actively nurtures and raise child or children

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parent

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are the parent of the child parents occurs provide good loving role models ,help teach appropriate behaviours , give financial support to the parents ,pass on wisdom of family culture, traditions and history but can be too intrusive and may offer unwelcome advice

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grandparents

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people who are related to each other by blood or marriage reinforce family values ,customs and traditions , provide role models that demonstrate how the family functions , provide respite care for parent , provide valuable relationships that enhance the ongoing socialisation and development of the child but beliefs might conflict with parent views of child rearing and may resent looking after child

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relatives

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qualified to teach children foster intellectual , moral and social developments in children and expose their students to a variety of different opinions or perspectives but sometimes the value being taught conflict with the ones at home and if negative reducing learning and self confidence

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teachers

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might provide respite care ,child care or full time care of someone who is elderly or disabled or undertake domestic duties training gives primary carer peace of mind , may offer organised outings , activities , rehabilitation or other support that family or primary carer may not be able to offer , may provide the dependent with social interaction with other people of the same age or similar situation but different in expectations between carers might confuse dependent , may not carry out required and may neglect some needs of the person in their care

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paid carers

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doctors - provide immunisations ,support healthy development of child and treat childhood illnesses , injury or mental illness but negative experience may make them reluctant to go back

social worker - assit in developing strategies to deal with a particular situation , help parents deal with child management ,marital adjustment ,budgeting , chronic illness ,housing ,finding jobs and medical care

neighbours and friends - offer to take care of dependent and can help with transport but may not be reliable in an emergency situation

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significant others

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characterised by one or both parents controlling all decision making with strict rules and regulations that the chid is expected to conform , closed communication , children are rarely praised got positive behaviour and very few rewards are offered , children occur low self esteem , lack of confidence , anxiety , poor decision making skills and children might rebel

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authoritarian

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characterised by shared decisions making , communication is assertive and open , are not intrusive or restrictive in their conduct and actions , discipline their children in a supportive manner , punishments and rewards are negotiated between parents and children , children involved in decision making to take responsibility for their actions and develop problem solving skills

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democratic

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characterised by , supportive and tolerant parenting with exercising lack of control of children, there is no systematic method to decision making , few demands placed on children , rules and regulations do not exist or rarely enforced making it difficult for child to conform to the rules of society , their relationship offer lacks respects , often children do not talk about issues ,'hands off' method of parents that lacks clear guidelines and expectations of children's behaviour

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permissive /indulgent

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characterised by the parents' failure to responsibly look after their children,have little commitment to looking after their children showing limited or no love or affection is shown to the child , fails to meets needs , result in children being disobedient or delinquent behaviour with little concern for people or property , children may be removed short or long term to foster care ,means that parents fail to take responsibility for their children's actions and behaviours

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negligent

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can be defined as the collective behaviour patterns of a group of people that is their way of life will do things in a similar way

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culture and religion

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when someone is expected to fulfil more than one role e.g. working mum

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multiple role expectations

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duties include cooking , cleaning , garden maintenance , helping children with homework may hire people such as cleaner ,buy a dishwasher or giving children some household responsibilities to fulfil this

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family

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to provide financial support , might give less time with children , may not to seek flexible hours , arrange childcare

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work

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own activities as well as children's , car pooling with other parent to save time and money , divide time between each child's activity or do activities that all family members that be involved in e.g. bike riding

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sport/leisure

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may have other commitments including volunteer work , managing or coaching a local sport or recreation group , being a leader of a church group or teaching a music group need to organise effectively between commitments

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other

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which a couple or individual plans to take on a parenting and caring role may be influenced by a number of factors ,influencing the services they can get , the level of fertility , financial stability , gap can influence relationship small age gap can develop a closer relationship and when the they become a carer

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age

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people copy the behaviours from those around them , culture , the media and gender influence ideas , must ensure realistic goal to ensure success , might carry on negative things from parents such as abuse , if negligent as a child parent might it hard to love and bond with child , modified parenting style to adopt more children , continued pleasant memories such as family outings ,holidays ,Christmas and birthdays traditions

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previous experiences / own upbringing

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if child suffers a chronic or severe illness will need treatment , care and attention , other people such as a sibling might to take over the parenting role ,gains lots of attention to look after sick family member being them closer together , can cause distress and difficult emotional connections with the child , other sibling might resent time spent on sick child .

disability as a restriction in ability to perform tasks associated with daily living some can diagnosed before birth or undetected for many years , taking care of a disabled child is physical demanding , financial strain on extra resources needed , parent and child might form stronger bond due to increase time spent together ,parent might resent their child

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special needs

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child and parent needs to be loved and have belonging within the relationship , the structure family in which they grew in , the demands of the relationship

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nurture of relationship

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jobs are gender indifference such as nursing and child workers are seen of female jobs, the household chores are divided into female and male such as cooking for female and moving the lawn for male

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gender

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increase knowledge and understanding of parenting and caring roles with the responsibilities as require , learning about the formal and informal resources out there , may seek information on their new caring role through experts , TV shows , movies , websites and books

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education

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gives information to people about things to fulfil their roles ,parent often modify their behaviour to follow models of perfect parenting , to help gain understanding of family relationships , parent might restrict viewing of show due their impact on child's behaviour , increasing public awareness of neglect and abuse in children ,increasing socialisation

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media

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encompasses many aspects including employment ,income level and standard of living based on income , education and occupation , have to work long hour to achieve income reducing time spent with dependent , bonding can be create through holidays and shopping

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socioeconomic status

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be recognised and acknowledge in their role , financial assistance if unable to work , respite

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rights of parents and carers

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autonomy - make decisions ,have views expressed and heard , medical attention , survival , develop to the fullest , protection from harmful influences ,abuse and exploitation , participate fully in family , cultural and social life

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rights of children

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duty of care - meet the needs of dependent , setting limits -learn acceptable codes of behaviours , discipline - guiding dependents behaviour including appropriate modes of punishment

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responsibilities of parents and carers

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treating others with respect ,maintaining open and honest relationship , caring for others , completing their fare share of the household workload and being responsible for self ,finances , society ,others

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responsibilities of children to parents and other family members

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the child's need to develop independence , lack of time , lack of money , coping with the physical and emotional changes of puberty , feeling trapped by caring responsibilities , differences in values , parenting styles and different goals

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sources of conflict between parent and child

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involves the management and preservation of good health and the prevention and treatment of ill health e.g. family doctor , Spina Blinfa Association of NSW and early childhood clinics

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health services

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support services that help to meet the needs of parents and carers in providing counselling , telephone support , accommodation ,spiritual advice , financial and legal support e.g. Centrelink and Anglicare

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welfare agenies

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provide information ,guidance and support to parents and carers e.g. parentline and Australian Multiple Birth Association

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parenting groups

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is a group of people or an organisation that has come together to pursue a common goal for the good of the community e.g. playgroup and Meals on Wheels

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community groups

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offers advice and financial support to parents and carers assisting with a range of issues , including family crises and financial difficulties e.g. DOCS

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government agencies

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is to provide certified and safe childcare for parents who are working , studying , taking care of other dependents or taking time out for themselves e.g. long day care

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childcare services

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offer advice ,understanding and support to both paid and unpaid carers e.g. MS Australia and Carers NSW

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carers' support group

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offer informal support and guidance for parents and carers

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extended family , neighbours and friends