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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Autocratic Parenting
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At the beginning of the 20th century, children were told what to do and expected to respond accordingly without expressing their opinions regarding parental demands.
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Hobbesian perspective
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prevalent throughout Europe; the willful child, monarchy with man of the house and children as servants.
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Calvinist doctrine
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influenced childrearing beliefs of the early puritans in the U.S.; the sinful child; corporal punishment instead of parental affection; brutal beating for punishment
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Rousseau
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consider the nature of the child
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G. Stanley Hall
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Child Study Movement in late 1800s; received the first PhD in psychology. respected the true nature and needs of the child; children are not like adults
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Sigmund Freud
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Austrian born founder of psychoanalysis. childrens drive and view of mother as the prototype for all future relationships with child. more relaxed approach to childrearing
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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children are basically good and that under optimal conditions their innate talents would emerge
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John Watson
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American psychologist who was strongly opposed to parental affection; should not be responsive and nurturing to children
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John Locke
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children as blank slate; for parental affection
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Fixation
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Freud believes this means a weakness that obstructs the process of development
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Attachment theory
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developed by British psychologist, John Bowlby, in the early 1940s that children have natural instincts that should be considered when parents are socializing them.
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Mary Ainsworth
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emotionally available caregivers contribute to the development of attachment; to give children what they need
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attachment
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the affectional tie that one person forms to another specific person, binding them together in space and enduring over time
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Rene Spitz
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French psychologist who provided indisputable data demonstrating that the responsiveness of the caregiver to infants cries and other gestures of communication are crucial to infant development
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Erik Erikson
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follower of Freud who believed by being consistently responsive to their infants needs during the stage of development, parents contributing to the infant's development of a sense of trust.
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Benjamin Spock
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challenged unresponsive and lenient parenting. children need limits of affection. rules but also love and guidance
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B.F. Skinner
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Principles of Operant conditioning- how one responds to that behavior will tell if that behavior will be repeated; environment big role in development
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contingency
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refers to the relation between a behavior and the events that follow the behavior
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Social Learning Theory
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developed by Bandura and Walters, that children do not have to be directly reinforced or punished to learn a behavior. instead children learn from imitation and modeling
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Friedrich Froebel
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pioneer of child study who believed that everything a child does is significant and of educational importance; child was inborn drive to learn.
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Caroline Pratt
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believed childhood work was learning and that it is in play that children get their work done.
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Maria Montessori
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first woman physician in Italy in 1892, allow children to explore and learn, all children have absorbent minds
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Jean Piaget
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Swiss psychologist who began to influence European views of childrearing saying children construct their own cognitive structures from environment and surroundings.
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Lev Vygotsky
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children as active participants in learning process; soviet union; need for parents to guide their children in learning
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zone of proximal development
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between the child's ability to perform the skill with the guidance and assistance of a more capable individual
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
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Sensorimotor Stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operations stage
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Alfred Adler
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developed the Social Discipline theory; all members of the household are allowed to raise issues and respect everyone's issues; parent and child have equal worth
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Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory
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represents a model for studying people in their diverse social environments and draws attention to the assorted contexts that impact the socialization process and the ongoing development of the individual.
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Authoritative
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controlling and demanding of children but also nurturing and communicative with children; children have more positive outcomes than do children reared by parent who have authoritarian, permissive, indulgent or indifferent parenting. high levels of achievement
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Authoritarian
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firmly grounded; forceful parenting; keeping children in place; assigning household chores; children are not encouraged to think for themselves; parents don't show affection; inhibit childrens emotional development; children tend to be dependent, passive and conforming
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Permissive
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noncontrolling and nondemanding; not organized or effective in running house; let children run around; children are immature and less responsible and less happy and lower academic achievement but higher grades when compared to authoritarian parents
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Indulgent parents
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lax parenting style; do not exercise control of children; low demanding and high response; very involved with children; children tend to be irresponsible and immature; also conform to peers and more likely to be involved in crime
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Indifferent parents
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rejected or don't spend enough time with child; uninvolved and uninterested in child; child tends to be aggressive, peer rejection, low academic scores, and dependence on alcohol or other drugs. delinquency and early sexual involvement
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Inconsistent parents
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parents with different views of parenting and is harmful for child.
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