Parasitology - Protozoans (All Others)

Front 1

What transmits Leishmanias?

Back 1

female phlebotomine sandflies

Front 2

What are the three Leishmanias?

Back 2

1. Cutaneous
2. Visceral
3. Mucocutaneous

Front 3

* In Leishmania, what does the sandfly inject and what occurs next?

Back 3

promastigote --> phagocytosed by Macrophage --> transform into amastigote

Front 4

What are the agents of Cutaneous Leishmania?

Back 4

L. topica, L. major, L. mexicana, L. braziliensis

Front 5

What are the agents of Visceral Leishmania?

Back 5

L. donovani, L. chagasi (dogs are carriers)

Front 6

What are the agents of Mucocutaneous Leishmania?

Back 6

L. braziliensis

Front 7

What is the incubation period for Leishmanias? how long after first episode can relapse occur?

Back 7

2-6 months

10 years

Front 8

What are prolonged fever, splenomegaly, anemia, leukopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia cardinal signs of?

Back 8

Visceral Leishmania

Front 9

What the complications of Leishmania?

Back 9

progressive wasting, infections, spleenomegaly

Front 10

How are Leishmanias dx'd?

Back 10

require biopsy

1. cardinal signs (prolonged fever, spleenomegaly, etc.)
2. endemic area
3. organism present in bone marrow, splenic aspirate, blood
4. light microscopy (if enough concentration)

Front 11

What is the treatment for Leishmanias?

Back 11

generally unsatifactory, drug toxicity, poor response, multiple disease syndrome

Front 12

Which Leishmania presents the biggest clinical problem? most common?

Back 12

Visceral (difficult dx)

Cutaneous

Front 13

If you saw "spots" in macrophages what disease would you suspect?

Back 13

Leishmania

Front 14

What disease has sores that look like a "volcano" with raised edges?

Back 14

Cutaneous Leishmania

Front 15

Chronic fever after endemic area, what disease do you think?

Back 15

Visceral Leishmania

Front 16

What are preventative measures for Leishmanias?

Back 16

1. suppress reservoir: dogs, rats, etc.
2. suppress vector: sandfly
3. prevent sandfly bites (*night)

Front 17

Which form of Leishmania can cause significant disfigurement?

Back 17

Mucocutaneous (lips, nose, eyes)

Front 18

What is the most common vector of Trypanosomes?

Back 18

Tetse fly (Glossina)

Front 19

What is the unifying structural feature of trypanosomes?

Back 19

kinetoplast (dark staining portion of head region, distinct from the dark staining nucleus)

Front 20

In the trypanosomes, where is the kinetoplast? also, what is unique about their structure nearby? (hint: movement)

Back 20

near the "head"; the flagellar pocket is near the head and the flagellum courses along the back before extending off the end for movement

*pocket is area from some resistance (T. b. brucei form - cattle/livestock)

Front 21

Which form causes American trypanosomiasis (or Chagas' disease)?

Back 21

Trypanosoma cruzi

Front 22

What causes African Sleeping Sickness?

Back 22

Trypanosomiasis brucei gambiense

Front 23

What disease causes mega colon and dilated cardiomyopathy?

Back 23

Trypanosoma cruzi

Front 24

What are the three "stages" or course of Trypanosmiasis?

Back 24

Blood Stage (acute symptoms)
Lymphatic Stage (posterior neck)
CNS

Front 25

In what disease would you see Winterbottom's sign (swollen node in posterior neck)?

Back 25

Trypanosomiasis

Front 26

What is unique about the fluctuating levels of parasitemia in Trypanosomiasis?

Back 26

parasites in different peaks have Variant Surface Glycoproteins (VSG) --> antigenic switching --> selective for Ab resistance

Front 27

What is the leading cause of cardiac disease in S. and Central America?

Back 27

Tyrpanosoma cruzi (Chagas' disease)

Front 28

What is the method of transmission for T. cruzi? where do these vectors like to live?

Back 28

kissing beetle --> defecate near mucous membrane (eyes, mouth) --> live in mud walls, thatch roofs

Front 29

What are the three phases of Chagas? length of each?

Back 29

Acute: 1-4 months (usually only children show symptoms)
Intermediate: 10-30 years of latency
Chronic: cardiomyopathy and megacolon

Front 30

In which disease do you see cellular infiltrate into muscle fibers?

Back 30

Trypanosomes --> cardiomyopathy and mega colon

Front 31

What is the mode of transmission for amoeba and giardia?

Back 31

fecal-oral (ingestion of cyst from contaminated water)

Front 32

How do amoebia and giardia survive defecation?

Back 32

encystment (4 nuclei stage - amoeba)

Front 33

What form do amoeba take on when in the colon?

Back 33

trophozoite (1 nuclei stage) --> "invasive" form, can move to liver or lungs

Front 34

Where in digestive tract do amoeba usually hang out? giardia?

Back 34

colon

upper GI

Front 35

what is dysentery? in which disease do you see this?

Back 35

blood and/or mucus in stool

amoeba

Front 36

in what disease would you see flask shaped ulcers of the mucosa?

Back 36

amoeba

Front 37

What are the three most common locations for disease manifestation of amoeba?

Back 37

colon (ulcers and wall perforation)
liver
lungs

Front 38

what does giardia look like microscopically?

Back 38

smiley face (trophozoite stage)

Front 39

Is giardia or amoebiasis more likely to invade beyond the luminal wall?

Back 39

amoebiasis

Front 40

What are the active/inactive forms of amoebas and giardias?

Back 40

active = trophozoite
inactive = cyst