Parasitology- Protozoa Apicomplexa

Front 1

Eimeria

Back 1

size: 15 to 50 micrometers.
refractile shell
mycropyle,--> (small pore) covered by a polar cap
A sporulated oocyst (in its infective stage) :
outer wall enclosing 4 sporocysts
(each containing 2 sporozoites

Front 2

Isospora

Back 2

oocyst: sizes range from 15 to 50 micrometers
refractile shell
mycropyle,--> (small pore) covered by a polar cap
A sporulated oocyst (in its infective stage) :
outer wall enclosing 4 sporocysts
(each containing 2 sporozoites

Front 3

Crypto

Back 3

The minute oocysts each have four sporozoites are liberated in the faeces. There are 2 types of oocysts-thin and thick walled.

oocyst: 4-4.5 micrometers

Front 4

Toxoplasma Gondii

Back 4

Oocysts are found in the faeces of cats, are spherical and subspherical, and are unsporulated. When sporulated, which takes one to five days, the oocyst contains 2 sporocysts, each with 4 sporozoites (Isospora in type).

oocyst: 12X10 micrometers

Front 5

Toxoplasma tissue cysts

Back 5

Tissue cysts are found in various organs and contain thousands of bradyzoites.

Cyst walls are thin (in Neospora cyst walls are thicker).

Tissue cysts: Can measure up to 100 micrometers in diameter

Front 6

Neospora

Back 6

Neospora oocyst is structurally similar to Toxoplasma gondii.

Oocysts: 12X10 micrometers

Front 7

Neospora

Back 7

Primary Hosts: Dog
Intermediate Hosts: Cattle, dog, and many other mammals

Front 8

Sarcocystis

Back 8

sporulated when passed in the faeces (found free)
two sporocysts each with four sporozoites;

size of sporulated sporocysts
S. bovicanis 15 X 10 micrometers
S. ovicanis, 4 X 9 micrometers respectively.

Front 9

Sarcocystis

Back 9

Primary Hosts: Dogs, cats, wild carnivores, and humans.

Intermediate Hosts: Humans, ruminants, pigs and horses

Front 10

Toxoplasma Gondii

Back 10

Primary Hosts: All felids. The domestic cat is the most important.

Intermediate Hosts:
Any mammal, including humans and birds. Note that the cat may also be an intermediate host and harbor extra-intestinal stages.

Front 11

Sarcocystis

Back 11

The cyst wall is thin and smooth with a small number of protrusions.

Tisue cysts: range from 0.5-5 mm long (sometimes visible with the naked eye)

Front 12

Giardia trophozoites

Back 12

2 eyes

Front 13

Giardia cysts

Back 13

top left and middle

Front 14

Pseudocysts of Besnoitia

Back 14

?

Front 15

Tritrichomonas

t. foetus

Back 15

The organism is pear-shaped and the nucleus is anterior, there is a cytostome which is dificult to discern and a sausage-shaped parabasal body. Three anterior flagella are present and the posterior flagellum extends back along the undulating membrane and trails behind the organism. The undulating membane runs the full length of the body, the costa is prominent, the axostyle is well developed and it emerges from the end of the body through a chromatic ring.


Protozoa: 10-25 micrometers long by 3-15 micrometers wide

Front 16

Babesia spp in a blood smear
B. divergens

Back 16

Organisms within red cells, almost always singly or as pairs, often arranged at a characteristic acute angle with their narrow ends opposed. Typically they are pyriform, but may be round, elongated or cigar-shaped.

Small Babesia: 1.5-4.0 micrometers

Front 17

Theileria parva in a blood smear

Schizont

Back 17

Macroschizonts contain chromatin granules 0.4-2.0 micrometers in diameter and Microschizonts contain chromatin granule 0.3-0.8 in diameter.

Primary Hosts: Buffalo
Intermediate Hosts: They are transmitted by ixodid ticks
Where found: Piroplasus- RBC
Schizont-lymph nodes
Distribution:East, Central and South Africa

Front 18

Trypnosoma spp in a blood smear
T. theileri
T. brucei

key features

Back 18

Primary Hosts: Cattle and domestic animals and livestock.
Intermediate Hosts: Tabinid Spp.
Where found:Bloodstreams of vertebrates
Distribution: Worldwide

ID: relatively large species with the posterior end long and pointed and the kinetplast lying some distance from the posterior end. The undulating membrane is well developed and the free flagellum is well defined.

Front 19

Theileria parva
Blood smear with protozoa

key id features

Back 19

Primary Hosts: Buffalo
Intermediate Hosts: They are transmitted by ixodid ticks
Where found: Piroplasus- RBC
Schizont-lymph nodes
Distribution:East, Central and South Africa

1.5-2 X .5-1 micrometers

ID features: The forms of T. parva (piroplasms) in red blood cells are usually rod-shaped but can also be round, oval, comma-, and ring shaped as well. With giemsa stains, the cytoplasm of each is blue with a red chromatin dot at one end. Commonly there is more than one parasite in each erythrocyte.

Front 20

Theileria equi in a blood smear

Back 20

Primary Hosts: Equids
Intermediate Hosts: They are mainly transmitted by ixodid ticks
Where found: Blood
Distribution: Worldwide except Australia, the UK, Ireland, Japan and parts of the USA

2-3 micrometers rounded

ID: The merozoites in the erythrocytes are small, amoeboid or most often pyriform, are are readily recognized in blood smears. The piroplasms characteristically form a "Maltese cross" of four organisms.

Front 21

B. divergens
primary Host
secondary host
intermediate host
where found?
distribution?

Back 21

Primary Hosts: Cattle
Secondary Hosts: Roe and red deer act as reservoirs
Intermediate Hosts: Hard ticks of the family Ixodidae
Where found: The organisms lie singly or in pairs inside the red blood cells.
Distribution: Europe including Ireland

Front 22

B. major

primary host?
intermediate host?
where found?
distribution?

size?

Back 22

Primary Hosts: Cattle
Intermediate Hosts: The three-host tick Haemaphysalis puctata
Where found: The organisms lie singly or in pairs inside the red blood cells.
Distribution: Northern Europe
large 3.2 X 1.5 micrometers

Front 23

Babesia bovis

small

Back 23

Primary Hosts: Cattle
Intermediate Hosts: The one host tick Boophilus
Where found: The organisms lie singly or in pairs inside the red blood cells.
Distribution: Tropics and subtropics

Small: 2.0-1.5 micrometers

Front 24

Babesia Bigemenia

large

Back 24

Primary Hosts: Cattle
Intermediate Hosts: The one host tick Boophilus
Where found: The organisms lie singly or in pairs inside the red blood cells.
Distribution: Tropics and subtropics

large: 3.2 X 1.5 micrometers

Front 25

Babesia Caballi

large

Back 25

Primary Hosts: Horses and donkeys
Intermediate Hosts: It is transmitted by a variety of tick species including Dermacentor, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus.
Where found: The organisms lie singly or in pairs inside the red blood cells.
Distribution: The Americas, Africa, Asia, and mainland Europe.

Large: the pyroform shaped ones are 2.5-4 micrometers in length. Round or oval forms, 1.5-3 micrometers, may also occur.

Front 26

Babesia canis

large pyriform

Back 26

Primary Hosts: Domestic dog
Secondary Hosts: Wild canids
Intermediate Hosts: Hard ticks of the family Ixodidae
Where found: The organisms lie singly or in pairs inside the red blood cells.
Distribution: Asia, Africa, southern Europe, USA, Puerto Rico, Central and South America. (Naturally infected wolves, striped jackals and black-backed jackals have been found in Turkestan, East Africa, and South Africa, respectively. The red fox and silver fox have been artificially infected in Germany.)

Large: pyriform in shape, 4-5 micrometers long

Front 27

Babesia gibsoni

key id features:

Back 27

Primary Hosts: Domestic dog
Intermediate Hosts: The transmitting ticks include Haemaphysalis bispinosa and Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
Where found:The organisms lie singly or in pairs inside the red blood cells.
Distribution:
India, Sri Lanka, parts of China, Turkestan, possibly parts of North Africa. (Additionally the jackal in India, the wolf in Turkestan, and the fox in the Sudan are naturally infected.)

ID features: B. gibsoni is a small form, is pleomorphic and lacks the usual pyriform-shaped trophozoites. Characteristically the trophozoites are annular or oval; signet ring forms may occur and, rarely large ovoid to circular blue forms, about half the diameter of the host cell, or elongate forms stretching across the cell, may be seen.