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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What kind of sample/collection do you need to get?
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It must be as fresh as possible and representative from a specific animal.
Ex: kitty litter used by 9 cats will not be for a specific animal If not coming in until next day, refrigerate sample. |
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Can I look at a sample anytime or is it time sensitive?
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It is a time sensitive event for concentration medium - salt solution will break up ova
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What are the 5 things you need to do a skin scrape?
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Switchblade, microscope, microscope slide, oil & cover slip
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Describe how you do a skin scrape.
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Scrape back and forth until irritation on skin. You must get down to the dermis where you will see RBC in skin scrape.
Do multi sites - look in multi locations. |
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Pseudoparasite
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False parasite
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Incidental parasite
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A parasite that can grow in an abnormal host
Ex: heartworm in people |
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Spurious parasite
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a parasite in an abnormal host but does not establish (grow)
Ex: horse parasite (strongyle) egg in dog feces |
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Name some signs of parasitism
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pain, weight loss, lethargy, diarrhea to constipation, anemia, scooting, icteric, respiratory difficulties
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What are signs of immunity to parasitic infection?
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Body resistance, inhibition of development, inhibition of egg production, self-cure mechanism
Ex: roundworm - as puppies get older, no CS but they still have it. |
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Failure of immunity signs
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Stress, some parasites coat themselves w/host material, antigenic variation, hypobiosis - sitting on
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Why are they called roundworms?
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Body not segmented
No articulating appendages Shape: cylindrical elongated, w/tapering ends, "basically roundworms" |
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What is a cuticle?
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Tough outer coating
Prevents from going to the next stage Prevents molting |
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Rhabditiform esophagus
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Club-shaped anterior portion, narrow neck w/a posterior bulb
Seen in non-parasitic generations in many species of nematodes |
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Filaiform Esophagus
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Club-shape w/o a posterior bulb
Seen in L2 and later larval stages and in parasitic generations |
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What's the difference between males and females?
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Males - generally smaller than females, caudal end is equipped w/a circular expansion called a copulatory bursa (grasps & holds female), have rigid spicules used for attachment and insertion into the female
Females - have uteri & oviducts, have vagina & vulva that is centrally located, very prolific - lays several thousand eggs/day |
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Oviparous
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Eggs hatch outside of female
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Ovoviviparous
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Eggs hatch inside the body of the parent - see larvae in the feces
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Viviparous
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Give birth to live young
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Direct vs indirect life cycles
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Direct - no IM (intermediate) host
Indirect - has IM (intermediate) host |
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What is the stimuli for embryonation?
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Warm, Exygen and moisture
Ex: manure |
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What is exsheathment? Why is it important?
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It is a parasite that takes off the protective coating. It occurs in different parts of the host's body from where the adult resides. It requires stimuli from host's GIT to occur properly (i.e.: pH, CO2, salts & temperature)
There are nerve rings in the larvae that secretes a hormone causing external cells to secrete enzymes which destroy part of the sheath so the larvae can emerge. |
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Whether or not infection will occur depends on...
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Exsheathment
If immune response by hose coincides w/exsheathment -> no infection |
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Vectors
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a substance that transports an infectious agent from infected individual to a susceptible individual
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Hy-pobiosis
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Larvae of the parasite remain dormant in the host
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Incidental host
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one that becomes established in an organism in which it does not ordinarily live.
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Auto infection
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An infection in which the source of re-exposure for a host is the host itself.
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Infestation
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Ectoparasitism
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Infection
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Endoparasitis
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Endoparasite
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Parasite that lives w/in the body of its host
Infection |
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Ectoparasite
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Parasite that lives on the body surface of its host.
Infestation |
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Mutualism
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Symbiosis
Mutually advantageous association of two or more organisms |
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Commensualism
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Denotes two organisms which live together neither bearing a parasitic relation to the other w/o harm or prejudice to either but w/one or both members deriving benefit
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Prepatent period
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Period between the entry of an infective stage into the definitive host and the time at which a subsequent stage of the parasite w/in the host can be demonstrated.
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Pathogenic stage
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Stage causing disease
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Infective stage
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stage which can infect a given host
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Indirect life cycle
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has an intermediate host
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Direct life cycle
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No intermediate host
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Transport host
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An organism that carries a parasite to another host. The parasite undergoes no development in the transport host.
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Intermediate host
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One that harbors the larvae or sexually immature stages of a parasite, although the parasite can reproduce asexually.
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Common name for Strongyloides
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Threadworms
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Does it have Zoonotic potential?
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yes
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papillosus
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ruminants
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westeri
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horse
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stercoralis
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dog, cat & people
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ransomi
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pig
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Define parthenogenic reproduction
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Non-sexual, no males - females lay embryonated eggs
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Homogonic vs. heterogonic
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Homogonic - direct life cycle
Heterogonic - indirect life cycle |
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What is the major route to infection for strongyloids?
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Lungs
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What is tracheal migration?
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Penetrate the skin -> into blood circulation -> to lungs -> coughed up and swallowed
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Hyperinfection
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S. stercoralis - only in people
reinfect itself |
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Autoinfection
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S. stercoralis - only in people
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infect self
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3 stages of clinical signs of strongyloides
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derman or invasive phase
pulmonary or migratory phase intestinal phase |
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CS in Dermal/invasive phase
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dermatitis, puritis, hyperemia
Foot rot Creeping Eruptions |
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CS in Pulmonary/migratory phase
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congestion, emphysema
muscle soreness death -> if migrated thru cardiac muscle |
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CS in Intestinal Phase
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Inflamed mucosa
diarrhea, dehydration |
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Diagnosis of Strongyloides
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See eggs w/larvae in the stool
(Dog) see larvae in the stool (L3 of S. stercoralis) If culture stool, you can see adults free living Post mortem - see adults |
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Treatment of Strongyloides
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Dewormer
Any broad specturm anthelmintic |
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Prevention of Stongyloides
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hygiene, keep clean and dry
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Define creeping eruptions
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larvae migrating thru cutaneous larvae
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Egg appearance for Strongylida
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Egg typical - smooth surface, ellipsoidal and generally has an embryo in the morula stage.
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Define Premunition
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Stable population of adults that will not allow own larvae to develop.
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Spring Rise/Post Parturient Phenomenon
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The larvae wintering in the host in an arrested state (hypobiosis) produce a very large number of eggs about two months after parturition, this insures that the infective stages will be available in large numbers when the host population is enlarging, thus have a very susceptible group of young.
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Diagnosis for Strongylida
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Culture feces to L3, then ID the larval stage
Necropsy animal, look for adults |
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What are the names of the GI roundworms?
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CCOOTH
Cooperia Chabertia Ostertagia Oesophagostomum Trichostrongylus Heronchus |
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Clinical Signs of Ostertagia
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Type 1 or Summer - Larvae goes to the abomasum shortly after infection -> severe chronic diarrhea, weight loss, emaciation and death. Use a dewormer.
Type II or Winter - Larvae undergo hibernation marked abomastitis b/c larvae are penetrating the mucosa. Diarrhea is not as marked -> will see weight loss and anemia. Dewormer does NOT work. |
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What does Trichostrongylus cause?
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black scours = extensive inflammation of the mucosa of the abomasums giving it a raised effect and black smelly diarrhea (digested blood)
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What is the pathology/CS caused by Hemonchus contortus?
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Blood loss - adult/larvae
CS - weak, pale, poor doers, loss of appetite, Anemia Loss of Albumin - plasma protein/COP CS - edema Nickname - Bottle jaw |
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What is the pathology of Hemonchus contortus?
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Blood suckers
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Oesophagostomum
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1 - GI Roundworm
2 - Nodular worm 3 - Alae 4 - Sensitized |
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Define Alae
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Cuticular fin or wing like flange that occurs at the neck of the tail - this is a diagnostic feature
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What is the importance of sensitizing?
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Small amount of nodules, then a lot of nodules the second time around due to sensitizing
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Two areas of malfunction in Oesophagostomum.
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Malabsorption
Blockage |
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Chabertia
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GI Roundworm
Ovina - the large mouth bowel worm |
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Oesophagostomum
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causes nodules in sheep intestine
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Strongyloidea
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most common parasite in equine
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Two Strongyle categories
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Large & Small Strongyles
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Large Strongyles
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roundworms, pathogenic blood suckers
Strongylus vulgaris Strongylus edentatus Strongylus equinus |
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Small Strongyles
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Many of these, hundreds
Subfamily - cyanthostominae |
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How many teeth does Strongylus vulgaris have?
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2 dorsal teeth
Large strongyle |
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How many teeth does Strongylus equinus have?
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2 subventral teeth
Large Strongye |
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How many teeth does Strongylus edentatus have?
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No teeth
Large strongyle |
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Diagnosis of Equine Strongyles
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Eggs in feces using flotation
CS - diarrhea, colic |
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Why do I have to treat every 3 months for equine small strongyles?
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Insisted larvae.
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What do I treat equine small strongyles with?
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Panacur
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Name two small strongyles
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Triodontophonus
Tichonema |
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Pathophysiology of thromboenbolic colic
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Look at paper
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