Parasitology (Including Anti-Parasite Drugs)

Front 1

Do protozoa contain a single nucleus or more than one?

Back 1

They usually contain a single nucleus, although may have more than one at various stages in life cycle

Front 2

3 ways protozoa move:

Back 2

1. Gliding
2.Pseudopodia
3. Flagella or cilia

Front 3

Which type of protozoa have digestive vacuoles?

Back 3

Holozloic Protozoa

Front 4

Merogony

Back 4

Asexual reproduction with equal division along an axis.

Basically binary fission

Front 5

Schizogony

Back 5

Asexual reproduction where nucleus divides multiple times
Produces a schizont
-Followed by divisions of the cytoplams forming merozoites

Front 6

Conjugation

1.Define
2. Which protozoa do this?

Back 6

Sexual reproduction where cells pair & exchange nuclear material
They then divide via binary fission.

Ciliates do this.

Front 7

Syngamy

Back 7

Sexual reproduction where:
1. Two gametes (male and female) are produced.
2. They fuse to form a zygote

Front 8

Gametogony

Back 8

Gamete formation

Front 9

Sporogony

Back 9

Asexual reproduction of the zygote followed by syngamy

Front 10

Intestinal protozoa have a _____ (direct/indirect) life cycle _____ (with/without) cyst formation

Back 10

DIRECT life cycle WITH cyst formation

Front 11

Lumenal protozoa have a _____(direct/indirect) life cycle ______(with/without) cyst formation

Back 11

DIRECT life cycle WITHOUT cyst formation

Front 12

Tissue protozoa have a _____ (direct/indirect) life cycle

Back 12

INDIRECT life cycle

Front 13

What is the difference between a direct and indirect life cycle?

Back 13

Indirect life cycle involves an intermediate host

Front 14

two types of diagnosis techniques for intestinal protozoa:

Back 14

1. Fecal examination (look for trophozoites)

2. Antigen detection

Front 15

Which is the test of choice for Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba

Back 15

Antigen detection (100% sensitivity and specificity)

Front 16

What test should you do for luminal and surface protozoa?

What are the downsides?

Why most it be done fresh, or with preservatives?

Back 16

Fluid or swab specimen

They have lower sensitivity and are harder to interpret.
They must be done fresh to look for trophozoites

Front 17

What are trophozoites?

Back 17

Motile protozoa,

Front 18

What are cyst protozoa?

Back 18

Nonmotile protozoa

Front 19

What kind of protozoa is Giardia?

Back 19

Flagellates

Front 20

Two examples of amoeba:

Back 20

Entamoeba histolytica
Acanthamoeba spp.

Front 21

Example of Ciliates:

Back 21

Balantidium coli

Front 22

Describe the pathogenicity of Balantidium coli:

Back 22

Questionable pathogenicity…. Is it worth treating if it doesn't cause problems?

Front 23

Two examples of Sporozoa:

Back 23

Cryposporidium parvum
Plasmodium

Front 24

Common place where people catch Cryptosporidium:

Back 24

Water parks

Front 25

Two examples of Flagellates:

Back 25

Trypansomiasis & Leishmania

Front 26

Are Leishmania intracellular or extracellular?

Back 26

Intracellular (they live inside macrophages).

Host needs to elicit a TH1 response to fight infection.

Front 27

Which phylum of protozoa move via pseudopodia

Back 27

Amoeba

Front 28

Cryptosporidium is a member of which type of class?

Back 28

Coccidia

Front 29

What kingdom are microspora in? Are they important in immunocompetent people?

Back 29

Microspora are fungi.

Usually not harmful to healthy people

Front 30

Two phylum of helminthes (metazoa)

Back 30

1. Platy helminthes
2. Nemathelminthes

Front 31

Two classes of Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Back 31

1. Digenea (Trematodes)
2. Cestoda (Tapeworms)

Front 32

What is another name for a roundworms?
What phylum are they in?

Back 32

Nematodes
Part of phylum nemathelmnthes

Front 33

Which class of bug uses snail as their first intermediate host?

Back 33

Diginea (Trematodes and flukes)

Front 34

How do you diagnoses decennia?

Back 34

Look for ova in feces (even if the fluke is gone)

Front 35

What class is Fasciola hepatica part of?

Back 35

Class Digenea (part of phylum Platyelminthes)

Front 36

(T/F) Tapeworms are hermaphroditic.

Back 36

True... they are hermaphroditic.

Front 37

What class and phylum are tapeworms part of?

Back 37

Class cestoidea

Phylum= Platyhelminthes

Front 38

(T/F) Tapeworms do a lot of damage to the final organism

Back 38

False! They only do damage to the intermediate organism

Front 39

Do tapeworms need an intermediate host?

Back 39

For the most part yes….

Hymenoipis nana is an exception

Front 40

How do you test for tapeworm infection?

Back 40

For adult tapeworms, look for ova or proglottids in feces.

For diagnosis of intermediate hosts, it's more difficult (use imaging techniques and serology)

Front 41

How can you tell male and female tapeworms apart?

Back 41

Trick question, you can't (or at least we didn't talk about it)

Front 42

How can you tell male and female roundworms apart?

Back 42

Males are smaller than females

Front 43

What do the intermediate species of roundworms carry?

Back 43

They carry the larva of the roundworms

Front 44

Pinworm is an example of which phylum?

Back 44

Phylum Nemathelminthes

Front 45

Process pinworm infection - Starting with child w/ worms(5 steps)

Back 45

1. Child has worm.
2. Sleeps (often sucking thumb)
3.Worm lays eggs perianally.
4. Child scratches himself.
5. When child goes back to thumb sucking, he self inoculates.

Front 46

What is Trichuris trichiura?
What conditions cause it to proliferate?

Back 46

Human whipworm

Found in areas with poor sanitation

Front 47

What is the scientific name for Pinworm?

Back 47

Enterobius vermicularis

Front 48

What is the most common round worm infection in the US? Second most common?

Back 48

Most common infection is Pinworm.

Second most common infection is Hookworm

Front 49

What are VLM's, OLM's?
How do you get them?

Back 49

VLM = Visceral Larval Migrants; OLM = Ocular Layer Migrans

Aberrant larval migrations of dog or cat roundworms (often found in poo)

When they get in, they try to find their way out.
(OLM migration causes permanent eye damage)

Front 50

Anopleura:

Back 50

Wingless insects (sucking lice)

Front 51

Diptera:

Back 51

Every day insects (like house flies)

Front 52

Hemiptera:

Back 52

Two pairs of wings (the true insects)

Includes bedbugs

Front 53

Hymenoptera:

Back 53

Two pairs of wings , w/ characteristic constriction between 1st and second abdominal segments.

Ants, bees, wasps, etc

Front 54

Siphonaptera:

Back 54

Insects w/out wings.

Includes fleas

Front 55

What is Pentamidine Mesylate the DOC for?

Back 55

Early African Trypanosomiasis

Front 56

What is the DOC for late African sleeping sickness?

Is it available at local pharmacies.

Back 56

Mebendazole

Front 57

Benzimidazoles:

-Mechanism
-What is it used for?
-What won't it work against?

Back 57

Used for nematodes
-Blocks microtubule synthesis
-Won't work against Plathy's

Front 58

Which benzimidazole has poor oral absorption, and is DOC for intestinal nematode infections

Back 58

Mebendazole

Front 59

Which benzimidazole is good for liver infections due to biliary excretion

Back 59

Albendazole

Side note: Not FDA approved for microsporidiosis and Trichinellosi (although it works for them)

Front 60

DOC for sheep liver fluke.

Is it available at the pharmacy?

Back 60

Triclabendazole

-Actually, it's not available in USA (must be compounded)

Front 61

DOC for flat worms:

What's the exception?

Back 61

PRAZIQUANTEL

Not effective for sheep liver fluke
(use Triclabendazole for that)

Front 62

Second resort drug for Fasciola hepatica or Paragonimus in px unable to use tricladendazole or praziquantel:

Can you get it at pharmacies?

Back 62

Bithionol.

You can only get it from CDC parasite control

Front 63

Iodoquinol:

What is it used for?
Thyroid?

Back 63

Used for intestinal amoebiasis

Won't damage thyroid, but it will mess up thyroid tests

Front 64

OTC drug for pinworms

Back 64

Pinrid

Front 65

What is another name for the disease that results when a person is infected with AMERICAN Trypansomiasis?

What is the DOC for this?

Back 65

Chagas' disease

DOC = Nifurtimox

Front 66

Drugs of choice for early African Sleeping Sickness:

(2)

Back 66

Pentamidine or suramin

Front 67

Drug of choice for late African Sleeping Sickness (after CNS involvement):

Back 67

Melarsoprol

Front 68

Phylum and class of Schistosoma:

What is the drug of choice?

Back 68

They are TREMATODES in the phylum PLATYHELMINTHES

Front 69

Which class and phylum are flukes part of?

Back 69

Phylum = Platyhelminthes
Class = Digenea