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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are amoeba infections spread?
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Fecal-oral route - one person ingests the cysts which came from another persons poop
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At your hospital Big Bird walks in. He is complaining of stomach pains and you think he might have gotten an Amoeba infection from Oskar the Groutch. (big bird also has a poo fetish so this raises your suspicion). What do you check to see if Big Bird is infected?
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his stool!!! (direct or concentrated) (PVA or trichrome)
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When your patient has Amebiasis how do the symptoms occur?
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Trophozoites invade the intestinal tissue or the extra-intestinal tissue
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Where is are amoebas found?
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Worldwide (3rd leading cause of parasitic death)
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Trophozoites of amoebas have what characteristics?
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finger like pseudopodia, directional motility, central karyosome
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Mature cysts of amoebas have how many nuclei?
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4
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What allows E hystolytica to break through tissues, form ulcers, and cause capillaries to rupture?
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they secrete enzymes that lyse tissues
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When you ate you friends poop you got amebiasis. Where will E. histolytica begin to ulcerate in GI tract?
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1.) Cecal region, then 2.) sigmoid, hepatic and spleenic flexures. (all colon). They will create pin hole sized ulcers that create a flask shape as they get deeper into the tissue.
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After a heavy infection with E. Histolytica, what kind of formations can occur? what type of reaction is this?
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Tumor formation due to granulomatous reaction
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E. hystolytica can invade other tissues by perforating the bowel. The trophozoites can then enter the peritoneal cavity or blood stream. What organs do they mostly infect?
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Liver, lungs, skin, brain
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So after eating your friend poo, you know that the E. histolytica that you ingested will take a few days to become patent(pre-patent period), after that what symptoms do you expect when the infection begins?
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DYSentery, with mucoid bloody stool. (bloody dysentery = you should think about amebiasis), also weight loss, fever, even constipation or diarrhea.
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To check for E. histolytica, you should do a stool examination, what kinds can you do?
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direct, formalin-ether, PVA, or Antigen detection test
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If you think your patient has an extra-intestinal amoeba infection, what do you do first?
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get a needle aspirate of that abcess. (biopsy)
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So you used EIA, or ELISA, or direct Ab detection and found presence of active E. histolytica infection, what do you treat with?
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Metronidazole (flagyl)
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What are the free living Amoebas that can accidentally cause human disease?
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Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp, Balamuthia mandrillaris
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Naegleria fowleri, causes a fowl brain infection, the trophzoites or flagelletes can infect humans. how do they get into the body?
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through olfactory neuroepithelium
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Naegleria fowleri, causes what infection and enters the body through which bone?
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Primary amebomeningoencephalitis , through the cribriform plate (has a short incubation period - 72 hours)
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How do you diagnose a Naegleria Fowleri infection?
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find trophozoites in the CSF
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So a kid goes swimming in a Texas local freshwater swimming hole in August. She dives into the water and swims around a bit. 72 hours later she has a headche, fever, and a stiff neck. What is she most likely infected with?
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Naegleria fowleri,
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Where is Naegleria Fowleri normally found?
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Worldwide, normally in warm waters (important), chlorine important in control
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Your mom comes to you complaining that her eye is really hurting. She wears soft contact lenses, but today she says her eyes hurt to much to wear them, She also says she has a headache, fever, and was recently emetic. You think she might have?
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Acanthamoeba infection.
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Acanthamoeba infection can cause?
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Granulomatous amebic encephalitis and can a be sub-acute or chronic necortic infection
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Like Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia mandrillaris (1st isolated from a mandrill) can cause?
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Granulomatous amebic encephalitis, it can also cause dermititis or pneumonitis
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Unlike Ancanthiamoeba or Balamuthia, diagnosis of Naegleri fowleri is done by?
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CSF examination
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Unlike Naegleri fowleri, diagnosis of Ancanthiamoeba is done by?
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Serology (becuase it is usually a chronic infection, so Abs can be made)
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Acanthamoeba infection is endemic to?
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Worldwide, and associated with contact lenses
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what is the most prevalent parasitic infection in the USA?
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Giardia lamblia (America, Fuck yeah. Giardia, Fuck yeah?)
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How is Giardia transmitted?
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Fecal-oral route baby. Eatin poo. heres you --> :P theres the poo ---> ~ = :P~ (poo lickin)
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What types of symptoms can you have with Giardia (hint: it mimics what you would do after eating 35 bran muffins)
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EXPLOSIVE diarrhea, can be malabsorption. bloating and steatorrhea (your poo floats)
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So you were in the woods and drank some water from a stream, you put cholrine in it but you dont have enough to fully chlorinate it. What infection could you have gotten. and how could you treat it?
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Giardia lamblia, Metronidazole
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What parasite lives in cats (definitive host), and is dangerous for immunocompromised, and infects the brain?
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Toxoplasmosis
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PEx: bibasilar crackles CXR: diffuse interstitial infiltrates : what is the diagnosis?"
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Pneumocystis carinii or jiroveci
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Severe, sometimes terminal profuse diarrhea in immunocompromised, this infection has a worldmide distribution and is associated with the swimming pool
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cryptosporidium Parvum
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African Sleeping sickness is caused by?
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Trypanosoma brucei (gambiense or rhodesiense)
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While walking in an african savannah you aer biten by a Tsetse fly, what are you are risk for?
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African sleeping sickness (trypanasoma brucei)
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When a Tsetse fly bites you what stage of Trypanosome is injected into your blood?
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metacyclic trypomastigotes
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How do trypanosome multiply in the blood?
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binary fission
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after a Tsetse fly bites and infected human they ingest blood trypomastigotes that turn into procyclic tryomastigotes in the midgut ofthe fly. what happens next to get ready to become infective to humans?
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procyclic trypomastigotes leave the midgut and become epimastigotes in the salivary gland of the fly. they then transform into metacyclic trypomastigotes, whih are infective.
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Glossina spp. is the vector for what disease?
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African sleeping sickness (trypanasoma brucei), also called the Tsetse fly
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where is the tsetse fly, and therefor african sleeping sickness endemic to?
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sub-saharan africa
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Winterbottom's sign, or posterior cervical adenopathy is associated with?
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African sleeping sicknees (T. Brucei)
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Motts' cells, although uncommon, are associated with what disease? and are composed of what?
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T. Brucei (afri. sleep sickness) , plasma cells that hav not released their IgM
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After the haemo-lympatic stage, African sleeping sickness can progress to the what stage?
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meningoencephalic Stage, with CNS invasion of T. Brucei
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with CNS invasion by T. Brucei, you begin to see PGS (polysomnography syndrome) which involves:
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altered sleep-wake cycles, and abnormal REM sleep
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Which T. Brucei causes sub-acute trypanosomaiasis leading to death in 6-9 months?
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T. Brucei Rhodesiense
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Which T. Brucei causes chronic trypanosomiasis and takes months to years just to invade the CNS?
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T. Brucei Gambiense
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Why does our immune system have a hard time clearing T. Brucei?
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The VSG (variable surface glycoproteins) help them evade the immune response
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How do you diagnose African Sleeping sickness?
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Giemsa stain blood, or CSF, agglutintion test.
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How do you treat African Sleeping sickness?
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Melarsoprol (arsenic based compound)
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T. Brucei brucei causes what disease in Cattle?
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Nagana
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T. brucei gambiense causes a more chronic disease, its vector is Glossina palpalis (Tsetse fly), and it breeds?
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in or near water (in Western Africa)
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T. brucei Rhodiense causes a more sub-acute disease, its vector is Glossina morsitans (Tsetse fly), and it breeds?
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in woodland areas and mostly feeds on wild game. It is in Eastern and southern africa
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American trypanosomiasis is called Chagas Disease and is caused by
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T. cruzi
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The reduviid bug (triatomine, kissing bug, conenose bug) can transmit what parasite? that causes what disease? also what stage of the parasite infects humans?
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T. cruzi, Chagas disease, Metacyclic trypomatigotes
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How does infection of trypanosomes of T. cruzi differ from T. brucei?
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With T. cruzi the reduviid bug with take reDUMP on you skin after it takes a blood meal. you itch the spot and it rubs his poo into your blood (metacyclic trypomatigotes infect)
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Where is Chagas disease endemic to?
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South and Central America
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T. cruzi 1 or the sylvatic strain is more common where?
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central america and northern parts of south america. (It is also LESS pathogenic than type 2)
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T. cruzi 2 or the human/peridomestic strain is more common where?
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in southern south america and brazil. (it is MORE pathogenic than type 1)
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Chagas disease has been reported to have had non-vector transmissions. How (what ways) did this happen?
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blood transfusion, organ transplant, vertical transmission, foodbourne transmission (sugar cane)
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Romana's sign or unilateral periorbital edema in consistant with which?
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Chagas disease (T. cruzi)
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In congenital chagas, the baby will have these signs/symptoms:
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severe respiratory distress, hepatosplenomegaly, meningoencephalitis
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In the adult disease Chagas is characterized by?
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heart disease: conduction disorders, arrythmias, cardiomyopathy,
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In adults, other than the heart, Chagas disease can affect which organs?
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esophagus, colon,
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Your patient comes in with a chagoma and a reduviid bug that he says had bitten him a week ago. What do you treat him with?
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Benznidazole, or Nifurtimox
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