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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two main taxonomic groups of the Cestodes?
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Pseudophyllideans and Cyclophyllideans
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What are some general characteristics of cestodes?
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Tapeworms
Adults occur in all groups of vertebrates Complex life cycles All parasitic |
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What are some physical characteristics of Cestodes?
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Tegument
Microtiches(projections that increase surface area) Glycocalyx coat(aid in nutrient absorption and immune protection) Scolex Proglattids |
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What is the general body plan of Cestodes?
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Scolex, Neck, and Strobila
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What is a strobila?
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Mature and gravid proglottids.
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What are the four different kinds of scolexes?
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Bothria (grooves/flaps)
Acetabula (suckers) Rostellum (armed hooks/styles) Tentacles (groups of four) |
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What are some characteristics of the Pseudophyllideans?(Cestodes)
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Scolex=Bothria
Vitellaria always follicular and scattered throughout proglottid Crustaceans are intermediate host Most are large in definitive host. |
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What are some characteristics of the Cyclophyllideans?(Cestodes)
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Scolex=four acetabula suckers
Single, compact post-ovarian vitellarian gland. Mammals as intermediate host. Most species small. |
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What is a corocidum?
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Ciliated-swimming form of the Pseudophyllideans.
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What are the developmental stages of the pseudophyllideans?
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Egg>>Coracidium>>Procercoid(in crustacean)>> Pleurocercoid(which occurs in fish)>>Adult
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What developmental stages of Coracidium?
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Egg with oncosphere>>bladder larvae(cysticercoid,cystercercus,
coenurus,hydatid.)>>Adult |
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What are characteristics of Diphyllobrothrium?(Pseuodophyllidean)
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Broad fish tapeworm
Generalists in mammals Wider than long Eggs released independently of proglottids (in sushi) |
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What is the life cyle of Diphyllobothrium?(Pseudophyllidean)
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Crustacean>>Fish>>Human
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What is the pathology associated with Diphyllobothrium?(Pseudophyllidean)
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Abdominal distress
Nutrient loss Anemia (sucks up B12) |
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What is the life cycle of Schistocephalus? (Pseudophyllidean)
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Eggs>>Coracidia>>Procercoids(crustaceans)>>Plerocercoids(Fish)>>King Fisher
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What unique thing does Schistocephalus do to it's second intermediate host? (Fish)
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It makes the fish flash white under belly and swim to the surface to get eaten.
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What are some general characteristics of Ligula intestinalis? (Pseudophyllidean)
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Produce chemicals that stop host from growing.
Pleurocercoids fill up entire fish. White belly exposed b/c of parasite. Size of pleurocercoids causes fish to swim jacked up and increase predation. |
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What are the different genuses within Pseudophyllidean?
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Diphyllobothrium
Schistocephalus Ligula intestinalis |
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What are the different genuses within the cyclophyllideans?
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Taenia
Echinococcus granulosus Hymenolepis Dipylidium caninum |
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What is the life cycle for Taenia?
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Egg>>oncosphere>>encysts as cysticercus in pig/cow
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What are the different types of Taenia?
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Taenia pisiformes (dog)
Taenia saginata (cow) Taenia solium ( pig) |
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what are the different types of Echinococcus granulosus?
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Cystic or hydatid diseases
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What are the is a general description of Hymenolepis?
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Model parasite, influences intermediate hosts
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What is unique about Dipylidium caninum?
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Hyperparasitism(parasites being part of other parasite life cycles)
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What is a generalized life cycle for cyclophyllidean?
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Egg>>oncosphere larvae>>bladder larvae>>cysticercus OR hydatid OR cysticercoid>>Adult
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What is a diagnostic feature of Taenia saginata?(beef)(cyclophyllidean)
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Scolex has four suckers.
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What are some general characteristics of Taenia saginata?(cyclophyllidean)(beef)
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Most common in humans.
Scolex=4 suckers No rostellums. Gets BIG(15 ft.) GI distress |
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What is the life cycle of Taenia pisiformis?(Dog)(Cyclophyllidean)
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Eggs(poop)>>oncosphere on vegetation>>cysticercus encysts in muscles>>Dog eats intermediate mammal>>Adults(intestines)
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What are some general characteristics of Taenia solium?(pork)(Cyclophyllidean)
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Four suckers w/ rostellum and hooks
GI distress/weight loss |
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What are some facts about Cysticercosis?
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Humans ingest eyes containing oncospheres
Cysticeri exhibit site preference cerebrum/skeletal muscle/heart. Lethal brain disease |
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What is Cysticercosis?
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Lethal brain disease kills 50,000 people annually in the developing world.
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How does Cysticercosis affect skeletal muscle?
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Tired achey muscles
Sore joints Massive infection--reduced range of motion/mobility. |
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What are some symptoms of Cysticercosis-Neurocysticercosis?
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Blindness
Disorientation Epilepsy Paralysis Coma Death |
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How does death occur with regards to Neurocysticercosis?
(Cysticercosis) |
When parasite dies, body immune response attacks itself.
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What are some general characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus?
(Cyclophyllidean) |
Adults in intestines of dogs
Scolex=4 suckers and rostellum Small adults(3-4 proglottids) Bizarre life cycle |
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What is the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus?(Cyclophyllidean)
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Hydatid or hydatid cyst
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What is the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus?
(Cyclophyllidean) |
Adult(intestine of canine)>>Embroyonated egg in poop>>Encysts on veggie>>Oncosphere hatches>>Intestine of sheep/pig/herbivore>>Hydatid cyst in lungs/liver(brood capsules are hydatid sand)>>Dog eats herbivore>>protoscolex from cyst attaches to intestine
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What kind of reproduction does a hydatid cyst have?
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Asexual reproduction
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What is a hydatid sand?
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cyst within a cyst
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What is the deal with hydatid cysts and wildlife?
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Oncospheres specifically find the lungs/liver of intermediate hosts and develop into massive hydatid cysts influencing host stamina which increases predation.
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Where do hydatid cysts encyst?(Echinococcus granulosus)(Cyclophyllideans)
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Lung/Liver/BRAIN
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What is the treatment for hydatid cysts?
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Surgical removal
Aspirate fluid DO NOT rupture cyst-ana shock |
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What are general characteristics of Hymenolepis diminuta?(Cyclophyllideans)(Rat)
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Infects rodents(sometimes humans)
Mild pathology in definitive Huge pathodlogy in intermediate. Model organism for Cestodes. Well developed suckers/moveable rostellum |
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What is the life cycle for Hymenolepis diminuta?(rat)(cyclophyllidean)
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Egg in poop>>insect eats egg>>cysticercoid>>rat/human eats insect>>
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What unique behavior does Hymenolepis diminuta? (rat)(Cyclophyllidean)
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It migrates to the anterior part of the digestive system at night when rat feeds, and towards butt during day following movement of nutrients.(triggered by hormones)
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What is hyperparasitism?
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One parasite uses the resources of another parasite.
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What is the life cycle of Dipylidium?(dog)(cyclophyllidean)
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Gravid proglottids in poop with egg packets>>flea eats egg packets>>Oncosphere hatches from egg and penetrates intestinal wall of flea larvae>>Cysticercoid develops flea larvae>>Adult flea carries cysticercoid>>Humans/Dogs eat flea and adult lives in intestine
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What are the life cycle forms of Taenia?(cyclophyllidean)
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Eggs(released in proglottid)>>Oncosphere>>Cysticercus/cysticerci>>Adult
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What are the life cycle forms of Echinococcus?(cyclophyllidean)
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Eggs>>Oncosphere>>Hydatid cyst/sac>>protoscolecies/hydatid sand(daughter cysts)>>Adult
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what are the life cycle forms of Hymenolepis?(Cyclophyllidean)
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Eggs>>Oncosphere>>cysticercoid>>Adult
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What are the life cycle forms of Dipylidium?(cyclophyllidean)
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Eggs>>oncosphere>>Cysticercoid>>Adult
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What are general characteristics of Acanthocephalans?
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Thorny headed worms(probiscis)
All vertebrate groups Complex life cycles Dioecious Parasitic Some cause disease in definitive/nasty in intermediate Tegument Sexually dimorphism |
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How can you determine the different species of Acanthocephalans?
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Count number of rows/hooks on the retractable probiscis
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What are some identifying structures of male Ancanthocephalans?
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copulatory bursa
smaller than females cement glands saefftigens pouch(regulates drawing in/out of copulatory bursa) |
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What are some indentifying structures of female Ancanthocephalans?
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Uterine bell(sorts eggs-moves mature eggs to uterus)
Ovarian balls(packets of ovary 1-1 ratio) Uterus Vagina Eggs |
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What are the genuses of Acanthocephalans?
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Neoechinorhynchus
Acanthocephalus Pomphorynchus |
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What is the life cycle for Neoechinorhynchus?(Acanthocephalan)
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Adults>>eggs containing acanthor>>Ostracod contains acanthella which develops from host resources>>Cystacanth(cyst for remains in hemocoel)>>Adults live in sucker(fish)
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What is the life cycle for Acanthocephalus?
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Eggs with acanthor>>Encyst of veggies>>Isopod>>Acanthella>>*metamorphs*>>Cystacanth>>Either trout(definitive)eats minnow/isopod.
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What is a paratenic host?
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It is not the correct definitive, but can work as a pseudointermediate.
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What are some general characteristics of the Pomphorynchus?(Acanthocephalans)
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Perforating species
Pokes hole in intestine and on outside fluid filled ball(anchor)/rest of body in intestine. |
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What is the life cycle of Polymorphus?(Acanthocephalan)
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Egg>>Gamorous(acanthella)>>Cystacanth(encysted)*Turns host bright orange*>>Adult worms in birds
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What behavioral modification is unique to Polymorphus?(Acanthocephalan)
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In the gamorous it aquires pigmentation from host-turning host orange.
It makes the gamorous go towards shadow vs. running. It makes it erratic on the surface. |
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What is part of mating ritual with acanthocephalans?
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Cement glands (homosexual rapes)
Cement female shut |
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What happens when acanthocephalans get together with cestodes, trematodes, or nematodes?
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THEY DOMINATE!! They emit chemicals that negatively effect the other parasites pushing them posterior away from chemical.
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What is a common name for nematodes?
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Roundworms
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What was the leading cause of non-trauma evacuations in WWII?
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Filariasis(roundworm)
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What was meioisis first documented in?
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Nematode
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How have nematodes been helpful to humans?
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Have been used in treatment of autoimmune and hyperimmune diseases.
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What are general characteristics of Nematodes?
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Round worms
Diverse Most significant macroparasite Huge variation in sizes Simple/complex Dioecious Dimorphism(males smaller) |
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What morphological modifications of Nematodes?
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Cuticle(NO TEGUMENT)
COMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Actively feed(mouth) |
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What are some of the modifications for the mouths of Nematodes?
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Lips (thirds)
External crown(ridges and teeth) Cutting plates(teeth/square) |
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What are some of the features of the anterior end in Nematodes?
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Anterior:Papillae(small ridges around mouth/identify)
Cephalic alae(flaring regions around the mouth)(identify) |
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What are some of the features of the posterior end in Nematodes?
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Caudal appendages(papillae)
Copulatory bursa (males/umbrella) Spicules(Needle like structures used to transfer sperm look like glass)(males) |
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What structure is unique to Nematodes?
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Buccal capsule
Nerve ring=ganglia Vulva Intestines Cuticle Rectum Preanal papillae Spicule Anus |
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What are the transitions within a life cycle of Nematodes?
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Molts
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What are the molts necessary for in Nematodes?
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To make them infective. Molts can occur within hosts or in external environment.
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What are the genuses of nematodes?
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Trichuris(whipworms)
Trichinella Necator(hookworm) Ancylostoma(hookworm) Toxocara Ascaris Enterobius(pinworm) Brugia Wuchereria Loa Onchocerca Dracunculus |
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What are some general characteristics of Trichuris?(Nematode)
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Whipworms
Long/slender anterior called stichosome. Thickened posterior end |
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what does the stichosome do in Trichuris do?(nematode)
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It is a whip like extension made up of mouth, esophagus, and glands that goes into the intestinal mucosa and feeds on blood.
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What is the life cycle of Trichuris?(nematode)
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Unembryonated eggs in poop>>2-cell stage>>advanced cleavage>>Embryonated eggs ingested>>Adult(Molts inside egg L1-L3 non-infective)(Molt L3 is infective)
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What is the pathology associated with Trichuris?(nematodes)
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Low pathology including Diarrhea, intestinal hemorrhage, anemia (with massive numbers retardation and rectal prolapse)
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What are some general characteristics of Trichinella?(nematode)
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Causes trichinosis
Smallest nematode in humans Worst in terms of infection |
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What is the Trichinella life cycle?(nematodes)
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Ingestion of undercooked meat(pork)>>Larva released in small intestine>>Adults in small intestine>>larva(L1) in mucosa>>encyst in striated muscle(All these infective)
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What is a nurse cell?
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Muscle forms around encysted larvae in muscle.
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What is autoinfection?
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Juvenile and eggs never leave the body of host and continue infecting.
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What are the two recognized life cycles of trichinella?(nematodes)
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Domestic=livestock
Sylvatic=wild animals |
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What is the cycle of a nurse cell?
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Juvenile worms begin to penetrate muscle cell
Take over cell machinery Alter gene expression(cell nourishes worm) Collagen secretion and angiogenesis. Cell does not go through apoctosis |
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What are the three stages of pathology associated with Trichinella?(nematodes)
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Penetration of adult worms into intestine*nausea,vomiting,sweats,diarrhea,blotchy skin,5-day fever.
Migration of juvenile worms*tissue damage,enchepalitis,brain/eye damage, descruction of hear muscle, death Nurse cell*muscular pain,hallucinations,heart/kidney/respiratory failure |
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What are some of the examples of Trichinella he gave us in class?
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Wedding in Iowa
Discovery of north pole |
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What are the interactions of mermithid nematodes?
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Arthropods
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What is the unique behavior of mermithid nematodes?
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They occupy the entire body of insect/crustaceans
Need water make insect commit suicide.(adult-egg-insect-larva) |
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What is the hookworm lifecycle?(nematode)
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L1-Rhabditiform larva hatches>>L3-flariform larva>> Penetrates sking of foot
L1-L2:non infective L3-infective |
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What happens in definitive host with hookworm?(Nematode)
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Penetrates through skin>>circulatory system>>stay in heart>>lungs>>irritate lung to make mucus production>>cough/swallowed>>move to gut
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What are the transmission issues for hookworms?
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Larvae are free living for extended periods (because human hosts are transient)
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What are the solutins for tansmission in hookworms?
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Cuticle
Reproductive output Larval behavior |
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What is a unique modification for transmission in the hookworm larvae?
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Waving in response to shadows, and migration around fecal patch.
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What four factors effect hookworm disease?
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Species of worm
Number of worm Age of host(young and old affected more) Nutritional status of host. |
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What are two major hookworms that effect humans?
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Necator
Ancylostoma |
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What are some general characteristics of Necator?(nematodes)
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Relatively thin worms
cutting plates(rectangular/oval) Males have pair of fused spicules Bursa circular |
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What are some general characteristics of Ancylostoma?(nematode)
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Thicker and longer
cutting teeth Males have pair of separate spicules Bursa long and oval Transmammary transmission |
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what is the infection levels for Necator?(number of worms)(nematodes)
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<25-no symptoms
25-100-slight bleeding 100-1000-severe symptoms/high morbidity,GI leaking,intestinal distress?bleeding >1000-death |
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How does the number of Ancylostoma worms(nematode)compare to Necator?
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Half as many worms causes same degree of damage.
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How much blood is ingested by Ancylostoma vs. Necator?(nematodes)
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.26 ml vs. .03 ml
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Why is it difficult for humans to rid themselves of hookworms?
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cuticle
release of antiimmune chemicals anti-paristalis(allows grip on b/c not moving around so much) |
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What is the life cycle of Ancylostoma?
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Larvae infect host>>encyst in various sites>>resume development when female becomes pregnant>>mammary tissue>>transfer to pups>>pups die(intestinal tract)
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What does Ancylostoma do in humans?
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It generates a path of immuno-destruction because it is lost.
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What is the mother of all nematodes?
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Ascaris
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What are some general characteristics of Ascaris?(nematode)
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Largest human nematode
Females larger than males Distince egg morphology (robust pitted egg shell) Three lips at anterior males have pair of spicules |
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What is the egg morphology of Ascaris so important?(nematode)
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It can survive!
Dessication Fire Sulfuric acid |
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What is the life cycle of Ascaris?(nematode)
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Adult>>egg>>worm(J3 larvae) Then it molts inside your body
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What is molting influenced by?
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Time and temperature
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What is a more detailed life cycle of Ascaris?(nematode)
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J3 larvae ingested>>bloodstream>>J4lungs>>coughed/swallowed>>gut mature
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Why does Ascaris have such a complex life cycle for one host?
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Could be because it used to have more than one host(intermediate host might be extinct)
Adults were originally in lungs |
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What is the pathology of Ascaris?
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Larval-Migration generates inflammation throughout body
Respiratory problems Adult-intestinal blockage and poor absorption, malnutrition |
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How do you prevent Ascaris?(nematode)
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Increase personal hygiene
Disposal of feces properly elimination of night soil Use of anthemintics *Lots of worms(put under) |
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what is the infection levels for Necator?(number of worms)(nematodes)
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<25-no symptoms
25-100-slight bleeding 100-1000-severe symptoms/high morbidity,GI leaking,intestinal distress?bleeding >1000-death |
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How does the number of Ancylostoma worms(nematode)compare to Necator?
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Half as many worms causes same degree of damage.
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How much blood is ingested by Ancylostoma vs. Necator?(nematodes)
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.26 ml vs. .03 ml
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Why is it difficult for humans to rid themselves of hookworms?
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cuticle
release of antiimmune chemicals anti-paristalis(allows grip on b/c not moving around so much) |
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What is the life cycle of Ancylostoma?
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Larvae infect host>>encyst in various sites>>resume development when female becomes pregnant>>mammary tissue>>transfer to pups>>pups die(intestinal tract)
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What happens in humans infected with Ancylostoma?
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Path of immunodestruction caused by parasite losing its way.
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What is the mother of all nematode?
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Ascaris
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What are some general characteristics of Ascaris?(nematode)
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Largest human nematode
Females larger than males Distinct egg morphology Pitted and robust egg shells (dessication,fire,acid) Three lips anterior Pair of spicules(male) |
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What is the life cycle of Ascaris?
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fertilized egg>>J3 infective>>J4 in lung>>adult
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What is a more detailed life cycle of Ascaris?(nematode)
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J3 ingested>bloodstream>J4 Lungs>cough/swallowed>intestine mature
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Why is the life cycle for Ascaris so complex for one host?
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Intermediary host went extinct
Or origninally resided in the lungs |
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What is the pathology of Ascaris?(nematodes)
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Larvae-migration generates inflammation throughout body/respiratory problems
Adults-intestinal blockage/malnutrition |
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How can you prevent Ascaris?(nematode)
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Personal hygiene
Proper fecal disposal No night soil Use of Anthelmintics *put under, lose a shit ton of worms via ass and mouth. |
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What is the relationship between Ascaris and malaria?
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Malaria gets dominated.
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What are general characteristics of Toxocara?(nematode)
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Similar to Ascaris
smaller Three lips around mouth Cephalic alae(folds) Transmammary larvae |
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What is the life cycle of Toxocara?(nematode)
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Adults>>eggs in poop>>eggs develop in external environment(embry.egg w/larvae)>>ingested>>larvae released in intestine>>circulation>>encyst in tissue>>Hormones(baby)>>circulation-lungs-bronchial tree-esophagus-intestine
J3s infective |
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What are some of the effects of toxocara in humans and dogs?
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Dogs-20%infected Pups-98%
Inflammation/fever Eye/brain involvement death |
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What are some general characteristics of Enterobius?(human pinworm)(nematode)
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Small
Bulbed esophagus Females have pin-like posterior ends Males contain caudal alae and spicules |
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what is the life cycle of Enterobius?(pinworm)(nematode)
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Eggs on preanal folds>>initially molts in eggs to infective J3>>Embryonated egg ingested by human>>NO MIGRATION
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What makes Enterobius so infective?(pinworm)(nematode)
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Female sticks out of ass, explodes, eggs everywhere (causes itch) ass-hand-mouth
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What is the life cyle of filarids?
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Very slender
complex Mammals definitive Insects intermediate Reside in blood/lymph/subcutaneaous tissues as adults Juveniles(microfilariae)reside in blood in mammal after released from adult or in thoracic muscle of insect intermediate host Get insect with blood meal |
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Why are filarids important to people in developing countries?(nematodes)
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Pathology prevents people from working
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What is the detailed life cycle of Filarids?
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Humans:
Adults in lymphatic>>shealthed microfilariae>>lymph/blood>>mosquito takes blood>>microfilariae shed sheath>>thoracic muscle>L1 larvae>L3 larvae>head/mos.salviary glands>>L3 enters skin when mos. feeds(L3s and J3s infective) |
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What is the expression of periodicy?
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Uusally due to oxygen tension, during the day they live in central body and at night they live in periphory.
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What are some general things about Brugia?
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Most disfiguring parasite.
Asia |
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What are some general things about wuchereria?
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Tropical areas
In lymph systems as adults Mosquitos as intermediate hosts |
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What is the pathology for Brugia?(nematode)
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Adults in lymph
Elaphantitis (mainly in legs) Secondary infection repression of immunity |
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what is the pathology for Wuchereria?
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Elaphantitis of genitals
Scrotum huge |
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What are some general things about Loa?(nematode)
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eyeworms
Africa Deer/horse flies intermediate hosts Adults in subcutaneous tissues of humans MIGRATE(adults) Generate localized immune responses called calabar swellings. Massive-infiltrate brain Minor pathology if untreated Anthelmintics kills worm, but dead worm causes enchephalitis. |
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What are some general things about Onchocerca?(nematode)
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River Blindness
Africa/Americas Adults live in subcutaneous nodules called onchcercomas |
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What are onchcercomas?
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Subcutaneous nodules where adults live and mate
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What is the vector for Onchocerca?(nematode)
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Black fly
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What is the pathology of Onchocerca?(nematode)
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Found mainly in tissues(skin)
Aggregate in eyes(optic nerve iris) Irreversibly damage and blindness Microfilariae can cause leopard skin(loosening/sluffing of skin-secondary infections) |
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What are some general things about Dirofilaria?(dog heartworm)(nematode)
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INtermediate is mosquitos
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What is life cycle of Dirofilaria?(dog heartworm)(nematode)
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Adults in heart>>Mosquito feeds>>microfillariae(L3infective)>L4 released into host when mos. feeds again
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What are some general things about Dracunculus?(guinea worm/fire worm)(nematode)
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Africa/Middle East
Aquatic crustaceans as intermediate Adults live in skin(extremities) Females huge(lots o larvae) Migrate to legs or arms Forms blister that ruptures in water |
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What is the life cycle of Dracunculus?(guinea)(nematode)
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Humans drink unfiltered water containing copepod with L3>>released>>larvae pentrate intestine wall>>mature>>reproduce>>fertilized female goes to skin surface>blister>discharge larvae>L1 larvae released in water>L1 consumed by copepod>larvae undergo two molts to become L3
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What are the pentastomes?
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Bridge between the nematodes and arthropods
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What are some general things about pentastomes?
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Tongue worms
Respiratory tracts of reptiles Females larger Complex (vert and invert) |
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What is some general morphology of pentastomes that is similar to nematodes?
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Elongated and tapered at both ends
Two pairs of hooks and mouth at anterior end Straight through digestion(mouth and anus) Sensory organs (Papillae) Larval form are nymphs that undergo series of molts |
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What is a papillae in Pentastomes?
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Sensory organ
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What are the larval forms called in Pentastomes?
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nymphs
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What morphology is similar in Pentastomes to arthropods?
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Cuticle but contain chitin like exoskeleton
Two regions (forebody and hindbody) True segmentation(annuli) No Proglottids Larvae very different from adults |
