Parasitology

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Flies Life Cycle

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Adults mate;

Females produce eggs;

Eggs hatch and larvae emerge;

Larvae develop and pupate;

Adults emerge from pupae

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Flies Disease Models

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Adult acts as vectors while feeding;

Allergies to bites;

Trauma from bites;

Damage from larval migration;

Damage from larval development in the host tissues;

Larvae feed off host tissues

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Fly Categories

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Biting flies;

Myaisis flies- facultative and obligatory;

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Biting Flies

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Culicoides spp.;

Sumulium spp.;

Lutzomyia spp.;

Culex spp.;

Chrysops spp.;

Tabanus spp.;

Stomoxys calcitrans;

Hematobia irritans

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Disease models of Biting Flies

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Adults act as disease vectors when they take a blood meal;

Biting causes: irritation, interruption of grazing, affects production, and stampedes

Can see allergic reactions to bites;

Anemia from heavy infestations

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Culicoides spp.

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AKA no-see-ums, punkies, sand flies, and midges;

Only 1-3 mm long;

Inflict painful bites and suck blood of the host;

Most active at dusk and dawn;

Vector of blue-tongue virus in sheep;

Causes sweet itch

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Sweet Itch;

Allergy to the Culicoides spp. bites in horses;

Causes intense pruritis around the tail and head;

Signs and symptoms include alopecia and scabs;

Difficult to prevent as the flies only need to bit the horse briefly to cause a reaction

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Simulium spp.

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AKA black flies;

Very painful bites from scissor-like mouthparts;

Most active during the day

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Lutzomyia spp.

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AKA sand flies;

Tiny and moth-like;

Most active at night

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Culex spp.

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AKA mosquitoes;

Lay eggs on water;

Intermediate host for D. immitis;

Vector for malaria and yellow fever in humans

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Chrysops spp. and Tabanus spp.

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AKA Deerflies (chrysops) and horse flies (Tabanus)

Larges fries in order Diptera;

most active during the day;

Large scissor-like mouthparts cause painful bites;

Vectorfor anaplasmosis, anthrax, and equine infectious anemia

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Stomoxys calcitrans

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AKA stable fly or biting house fly;

Avid blood feeders;

Lay eggs in decaying organic material;

Bayone-like mouthparts;

Intermediate host for Habronema spp.;

Vectors of antrax and equine infectious anemia

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Hematobia irritans

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AKA horn fly of cattle;

Cluster around horns in lower temps;

Lay eggs in cow feces;

Bayonet-like mouthparts

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Myaisis Flies

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when fly larvae develop in host tissues;

Two types- facultative and obligatory

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Falcultative Myaisis

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AKA fly strike

Flies adapted from laying eggs in the carcasses to also using moist wounds, skin lesions, or soiled hair coats of alive hosts;

Includes Musca spp. and bottle/blow flies;

Eggs are laid by flies, larvae emerge (maggots) and eat dead tissues, larva also tunnel causing damage

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Musca spp.

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AKA house flies or face flies;

"vomit drop feeders"

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Bottle/Blow Flies

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Includes a variety of species;

"Vomit Drop Feeders";

Shiny and iridescent blue, green or black;

Ressembles the colors of glass bottles

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Obligatory Myaisis Species

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Cuterebra spp.;

Hypoderma spp.;

Oestrus ovis;

Gastrophilus spp.

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Obligatory Myaisis

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Flies need a host to complete its life cycle;

Eggs are laid by flies, larvae penetrate and develop within living tissues, then drop to ground to pupate

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Cuterebra spp.

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AKA Warbles or Wolves;

Larvae infest the skin of a variety of species including rodents and rabbits;

Rarely infects humans

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Cuterebra spp L2

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Cream to gray in color, sparsely-spined, 5-10mm long;

Careful in larval removal - anaphylaxis

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Cuterebra spp. L3

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Black, heavily-spined, up to 3cm long;

Careful in larval removal - anaphylaxis

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Cuterebra spp. Life Cycle

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Adults lay eggs near rodent holes;

Larvae crawl onto host;

Larvae migrate into tissues;

Develops through 3 stages within tissues of the host;

Erupts from tissues to pupate on the ground;

Adult fly emerges from pupa

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Cuterebrosis

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Swollen cysts form at site of larvae;

Central breathing pore for larvae to develop;

Can see secondary infections at site of cysts;

Symptoms from aberrant migration

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Hypoderma spp.

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AKA- for adults: gad flies or heel flies; for larvae: cattle grubs or ox warbles;

Larvae found in tissues 2.5-3.0 cm long, covered with small spines, and are cream to dark brown in color;

Careful with larval removal - anaphylaxis;

Affects cattle but may infect horses, sheep and humans

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Hypoderma spp Life Cycle

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Adults (ressemble bees) lay eggs on hairs of cow leg;

Larvae hatch and crawl down to penetrate the skin;

Migrate to subcutaneous tissues in the back;

Crawl out to pupate on the ground;

Adult fly emerges;

PPP: 12 months

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Hypoderma spp. Symptoms

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Adults quite agitating- gadding, poor grazing;

Damage in areas of larval migration: spinal cord, esophagus, and muscles;

Cysts along back with a central breathing pore;

Secondary infection of cysts

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Oestrus ovis

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AKA nasal bots or nasal bot flies;

Affects sheep/goats;

ID fully formed larvae: 3 cm long, dark brown in color, large black oral hooks

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Oestrus ovis Life Cycle

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Adults (ressemble bees) deposits larvae into nostrils of sheep/goats;

Tiny whitish larvae penetrate sinuses;

Develops within sinuses;

Fully developed larva drops to the ground;

Pupates on the ground;

Adult fly emerges

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Oestrs ovis Symptoms

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Variably seen with aberrant migration;

Keeping head close to ground;

Sinusitis;

Purulent rhinitis

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Gasterophilus spp.

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AKA bot flies;

Eggs seen on legs of horses- remove with bot knife;

ID larvae in feces or stomach - barrel-shaped, brown in colour, up to 20mm long, dense spines on cranial boarder of each segment

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Gasterophilus spp. Life Cycle

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Adult (ressembles bees) lay eggs on fetlock, chin and shoulders (late summer);

Horses groom and swallow the eggs;

Larvae emerges and migrates to stomach;

Larvae attach to cardiac portion of stomach (10-12 months);

Larvae pass in feces to pupate on the ground;

Adult flies emerge late summer

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Gasterophilus spp Symptoms

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Adult flies agitating;

Large numbers can cause gastric ulcers- anemia, digested blood in feces, poor appetite, and digestion problems

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Melophagus ovinus

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AKA sheep ked or louse fly;

Found deep in wool/fleece of sheep and goats;

Louse-like appearance- wingless, hairy and leathery, strong claws, and are 4-7mm long

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Melophagus ovinus symptoms

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Wool becomes discolored from fecal matter;

Highly pruritic- biting, scratching, rubbing, wool/fleece damage;

Avid blood feeders- high infestations cause anemia

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Melophagus ovinus Life Cycle

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Male and female adult mate;

Female produces 1 live larva at a time into wool/ fleece;

Larvae pupate;

Develops to adult;

Adults most numerous in fall and winter

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Control Measures for Flies

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Repellants and insecticides;

Removal of organic debris from grazing area;

Keep animals away from standing water;

House inside when flies most active;

Cover affected areas to prevent fly access;

Protect wounds and surgery sites;

Keep haircoat clean and dry

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Order Diptera

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Flies;

Adults have 1 pair of wings;

Feed on blood, saliva, tear and/or mucus

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Simulium spp.

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Lutzomyia spp.

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Culex spp.

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Chrysops spp. & Tabanus spp.

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Stomoxys calcitrans

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Hematobia irritans

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Musca spp.

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Bottle or Blow Flies

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Cuterebra spp.

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Cuterebra spp. L2

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Cuterebra spp. L3

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Cuterebrosis

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Hypoderma spp.

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Oestrus ovis

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Oestrus ovis symptoms

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Gasterophilus spp.

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Gasterophilus spp. Ova

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Melophagus ovinus

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Melophagus ovinus Symptoms