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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Giardiasis symptoms |
Bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea |
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What people are more likely to get giardiasis? |
Often seen in campers/hikers |
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Giardiasis cause |
Giardia lamblia |
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How giardiasis is acquired? |
Cysts in water |
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How to diagnose giardiasis? |
Trophozoites or cysts in stool |
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How to treat giardiasis? |
Metronidazole |
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How to treat amebiasis? |
Metronidazole; iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers. |
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How to diagnose amebiasis? |
Serology and/or trophozoites (with |
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How giardiasis is acquired? |
Cysts in water |
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What is the cause of amebiasis? |
Entamoeba histolytica |
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Amebiasis manifestations |
Bloody diarrhea (dysentery), liver abscess |
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What does Cryptosporidium cause? |
Severe diarrhea in AIDS Mild disease (watery diarrhea) in nonimmunocompromised |
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How Cryptosporidium is acquired? |
Oocysts in water |
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How Cryptosporidium infection is diagnosed? |
Oocysts on acid-fast stain |
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How to prevent Cryptosporidium infection? |
By filtering city water supplies. |
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What does Toxoplasma gondii cause in HIV-patients? |
Brain abscesses. |
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How Toxoplasma gondii is transmitted? |
Cysts in meat (most common) or oocysts in cat feces; transplacentally. |
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How Toxoplasma gondii infection is diagnosed? |
Serology, biopsy (tachyzoite). |
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How to treat toxoplasmosis? |
Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine |
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What does Naegleria fowleri cause? |
Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis |
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How Naegleria fowleri infection is diagnosed? |
Amoebas in spinal fluid. |
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How Naegleria fowleri is transmitted? |
Swimming in freshwater lakes; enters via cribriform plate. |
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How to treat Naegleria fowleri infection? |
Amphotericin B has been effective for a few survivors. |
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What is the cause of African sleeping sickness? |
Trypanosoma brucei |
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African sleeping sickness findings |
Enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever (due to antigenic variation), somnolence, coma. |
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Two subspecies of Trypenosoma brucei |
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma |
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How Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted? |
Tsetse fly, a painful bite. |
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How Trypanosoma brucei is diagnosed? |
Blood smear |
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How to treat African sleeping sickness? |
Suramin for bloodborne disease or melarsoprol for CNS penetration. |
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Symptoms of malaria |
Fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly. |
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P. vivax/ovale features |
48-hr cycle (tertian; includes fever on first day and third day, thus fevers are actually 48 hr apart); form dormant form (hypnozoite) in liver. |
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P. falciparum features |
Severe; irregular fever patterns; parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidneys, lungs. |
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P. malariae features |
72-hr cycle (quartan) |
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How Plasmodium is transmitted? |
Mosquito (Anopheles) |
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How Plasmodium infection is diagnosed? |
Blood smear: trophozoite ring form within RBC, schizont containing merozoites. Red granules (Schüffner stippling) throughout RBC cytoplasm seen with P. vivax/ovale. |
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Malaria treatment |
Chloroquine (for sensitive species); if resistant, use mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil or artemether/lumefantrine. For life-threatening, use intravenous |
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Symptoms of babesiosis |
Fever and hemolytic anemia |
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Predisposing factor for severe babesiosis |
Asplenia |
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Where Babesia is more common? |
Predominantly in northeastern United States. |
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How Babesia is transmitted? |
Ixodes tick |
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How babesiosis is diagnosed? |
Blood smear: ring form or “Maltese cross”; PCR. |
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How to treat babesiosis? |
Atovaquone + azithromycin |
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What is the cause of Chagas disease? |
Trypanosoma cruzi |
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Chagas disease manifestations |
Dilated cardiomyopathy with apical atrophy, megacolon, megaesophagus. Unilateral periorbital swelling (Romana sign) characteristic of acute stage. |
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How T. cruzi is transmitted? |
Reduviid bug (“kissing bug”) feces, deposited |
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How Chagas disease is diagnosed? |
Blood smear |
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How to treat Chagas disease? |
Benznidazole or nifurtimox |
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How to treat visceral leishmaniasis? |
Amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate |
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How to treat T. vaginalis infection? |
Metronidazole for patient and partner (prophylaxis) |
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How T. vaginalis infection is diagnosed? |
Trophozoites (motile) on wet mount; “strawberry cervix”. |
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Symptoms of vaginitis caused by T. vaginalis |
Foul-smelling, greenish discharge; itching and burning. |
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How T. vaginalis is transmitted? |
Sexually (cannot exist outside human because it cannot form cysts). |
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How L. donovani is transmitted? |
Sandfly |
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How visceral leishmaniasis is diagnosed? |
Macrophages containing amastigotes. |
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What is the cause of visceral leismaniasis? |
Leishmania donovani |
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Symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis |
Spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, |
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What is kala-azar? |
Visceral leishmaniasis |
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How to treat Cryptosporidium diarrhea? |
Nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts |
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How to detect abscesses, caused by Toxoplasma? |
Seen as ring-enhancing brain lesions on CT/MR, typically in both hemispheres. |
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Symptoms of congenital toxoplasmosis |
“Classic triad” of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications. |
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Where Chagas disease is more common? |
South America. |
