Parasitology

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Normal flora

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organisms that are normally and consistently found in or on the body in absence of disease

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Symbiosis

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close association or living together of organisms of different species

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Mutualism

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type of symbiosis in which both host and parasite benefit

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commensalism

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type of symbiosis where the commensal is benefited and the host is neither benefited nor harmed by the relationship

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Parasitism

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obligatory relationship in which one organism, the parasite, is metabollically dependent on another organism, the host. the host is usually harmed by such a relationship

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Obligate parasites

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parasites that cannot survive in a free living state

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facultative parasite

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parasites that normally have a free-existence and establish a parasitic relationship with a host if the opportunity presents itself

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endoparasites

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parasites that live inside the host

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ectoparasites

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parasites that live in the outer surface of the host

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definitive hosts

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hosts in which a parasite reaches sexual maturity and reproduces

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Intermediate hosts

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host in which some development of the parasite occurs but does not mature

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Reservoir hosts

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animals that harbor a species of parasite that is also parasitic for humans and from which a human may become infected

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vector hosts

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arthropods or other living carriers that transport a pathogenic microorganism from an infected to a noninfected host

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Paratenic hosts

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animals that ingest infected intermediate hosts and become intermediate hosts themselves

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Dead-end hosts

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organisms that harbor a life stage of a parasite but do not transmit the parasite to another host thus not allowing it to continue its life cycle

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Fecal concentrations

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-used to concentrate parasitic forms in fecal samples
-based on the fact that parasistic forms will float in zinc sulfate solutions of high osmolarity and specimens can be collected onto a glass slide and observed with a light microscope

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KOH preparations

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-used as a quick and inexpensive way of viewing clinical specimens for the presence of microscopic arthropods
- cause most tissue elements to become dissolved leaving parasitic forms that retain their shape and color are observed with light microscopy

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Giemsa stain

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-used when intracellular structures are to be examined
-stains tissue and blood cells showing blue-colored intracellular parasites, sometimes with a halo around them

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Trichome stain

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-standard procedure used for staining parasites in fecal material
-stains protozoan cells pink with blue-green organells

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Wright's stain

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-is used for identification of cell types in blood smears
-stains leucocytes and erythrocytes as well as protozoans or microfilariae in blood smears

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Acid-fast stain

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-used to find and identify small protozoans in fecal smears
-stains cells pink with blue background making them easy to find

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Antimony sodium gluconate

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blocks energy production in protozoan cells

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Azithromycin, oxytetracycline

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inhibit protein synthesis

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Chloroquine, Diloxanide furoate

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inhibits hemoglobin breakdown in erythrocytes

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Fumagillin

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inhibits enzyme activity in protozoan cells

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Metronidazole

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binds to and inhibits DNA synthesis and protein formation

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Nifurtimox

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inhibits DNA synthesis and damages protozoan cell membranes

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Pyrimethamine sulfadiazine, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole

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inhibits DNA synthesis and disrupts mitochondria

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Suramin

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inhibits enzyme activity and damages intracellular organelles

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Names of protozoan chemotherapy

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Antimony sodium gluconate,
Azithromycin, oxytetracycline
Chloroquine, Diloxanide furoate, Fumagillin, Metronidazole, Nifurtimox, Pyrimethamine sulfadiazine, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, Suramin

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Praziquantel

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-only trematode chemotherapy
-increases Ca2+ permeability producing a muscle paralysis and vacuolization and vesiculation of the worm's tegument

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Niclosamide

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-only cestode chemotherapy
-inhibits phosporylation in the mitochondria of tapeworms

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Names of Nematode Chemotherapy

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Diethylcarbamazine, albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, triclabendazole, ivermectin

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Diethylcarbamazine

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damages microfilarial membranes and immobilizes larvae

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Albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, triclabendazole

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inhibits cytoplasmic microtubule formation

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Ivermectin

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increases Cl- permeability producing a paralysis of nematode muscles

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Lindane

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-only arthropod chemotherapy
-neurological poison

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Decription of a protozoan

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microscopic, parasitic, unicellular organisms, ranging in size frone one um to 100 um that occur singly or in colony formations

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Protozoan bodies contain...

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protoplasm that is differentiated into a nucleus, cytoplasm, and cytoplasmic organelles

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The protozoan cytoplasms consists of...

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a think outer ectoplasm and a large inner endoplasm

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Protozoan ectoplasm functions in...

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movement, ingestion of food excretion, respiration and proection

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protozoans respire by taking in_____ and expelling____.

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o2/co2

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Protozoans extrude undigested particles through the ectoplasm into their external environment by:

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osmotic pressure, diffusion, and precipitation

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Protozoans secrete...

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digestive ferments pigments, proteolytic enzymes, hemolysins, cytolysins, antigenic substances and material for cysts walls

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Protozoan endoplasm is...

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granular and functions in nutrition and reproduction and contains food vacuoles, food reserves, foreign bodies, contractile vacuoles and chromatoidal bodies

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Protozoans contractile vacuoles function in...

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the regulation of osmotic pressure and the elimination of waste material

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Protozoan nucleus contains...

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an outer nuclear membrane, an inner reticulum, and chromatin and a karyosome

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Protozoan locomotion is by...

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flagella, cilia, pseudopodia, or undulating membranes

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Protozoan flagella are...

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fine, filamentous extensions of the cytoplasm

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Protozoan cilia are

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elongated, hair like organelles that aid in the ingestion of food and serve as sensory organelles

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Protozoans absorb

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liquid food and psuedopodia are temporary projections used for ingestion of food and movement

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Protozoan asexual reproduction

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by binary fission, multiple fission (schizogony) or endodyogeny

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Protozoan sexual reproduction

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conjugation or syngamy (fertilization)