Parasitology

Front 1

Sharing of physiological mechanisms by different species, without specifying the relative benefits derived or outcomes of the associations

Back 1

Symbiosis

Front 2

Type of symbiosis where neither of the associates benefits at the expense of the other

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Commensalism

Front 3

Type of symbiosis where only one member profits significantly from the association

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Parasitism

Front 4

Type of symbiosis where both of the members benefit from the association

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Mutualism

Front 5

In symbiosis, where the relationship is essential for life of one or both organisms

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Obligate

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In symbiosis, where the relationship is not essential for life or reproduction of one or both associates

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Faculative

Front 7

-Fluke worms
-Most common and abundant of parasitic worms
-Development occurs in at least two hosts, including molluscs, 2nd or 3rd intermediate host, or definitive host

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Trematodes

Front 8

stage of the trematode life cycle where ciliated, free-swimming larva emerges from the egg (ovum) to seek mullusc intermediate host

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Miracidium

Front 9

Stage of the trematode life cycle where the miracidium morphes into simple sac like form

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Sporocyst

Front 10

Within a sporocyst, the embroydies develop into ______, where they become more differentiated (pharynx, gut).

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Rediae

Front 11

In the trematode lifecycle the embryos develop in rediae to become _____, where they emerge from the snail usually with a tail to aid swimming

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Cercariae

Front 12

Stage of the trematode life cycle that is infective to definite hosts

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Cercariae or metacercariae

Front 13

subclass of trematode in which sexual reproduction as an internal parasite of a vertebrate alternates with asexual reproduction in a mollusk

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Digenea

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parenchyma filled cavity of a trematode

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Acoelomate

Front 15

cap on one end of a trematode ovum that allows miracidium to b released

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Operculum

Front 16

Fasciolosis buski
1. Host:
2. Intermediate Host:
3. Diagnostic Stage:
3b.. Infectious Stage:
4. Geographical Distribution:
5. Treatment:

Back 16

F. buski
1. Humans and Pigs
2. Snails
3. Eggs in feces
3b. Adult worms in human and pig intestines
4. SE Asia
5. Praziquantel

Front 17

Typical trematode life cycle:

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1. Eggs in feces
2. Miracidia released from eggs, penetrates snail
3. Within snail, larva develops into sporocyst, rediae, cercariae
4. Free swimming cercariae are ingested by humans or animal host

Front 18

Fasciolosis hepatica
1. Definitive Host:
2. Intermediate Host:
3. Diagnostic Stage:
4. Infectious Stage:
5. Treatment:

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1. humans, sheep, cattle
2. snails
3. eggs in feces
4. adults worms in hepatic biliary ducts
5. bithionol, triclabendazole, praziquantel

Front 19

Clonorchis sinensis
1. Definitive Host:
2. Intermediate Host:
3. Diagnostic Stage:
4. Infectious Stage:
5. Treatment:
6. Geographic region

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1. Humans
2. Snail and Fish
3. Eggs in feces
4. Adults ingested and enter biliary ducts
5. Praziquental, Albendazole, thiabendazole, mebendazole
6. China/Asia

Front 20

How does Chlonorchis (& Opisthorcis) differ from Fasciolis?

Back 20

-Chlonorchis eggs are ingested by the snail and miracidium are hatched within
-Chlonorchis encyst in fish and are ingested by humans
-Chlonorchis much more pathogenic than Fasciolis

Front 21

-Opisthorcis viverrini has the same life cycle as __________.
1. Definitive Host:
2. Intermediate Host:
3. Diagnostic Stage:
4. Infectious Stage:
5. Treatment:
6. Geographic Distribution

Back 21

- Clonorchis
1. Humans
2. Snails, Fish
3. Eggs in feces
4. Ingested by humans in fish- liver fluke
5. Praziquantel
6. SE Asia

Front 22

Paragoniumus westermani
1. Definitive Host:
2. Intermediate Host:
3. Diagnostic Stage:
4. Infectious Stage:
5. Treatment:

Back 22

-Lung Trematode
1. Humans
2. Snails, Crustaceans
3. Unembroyonated eggs in human sputum or feces
4. Human ingest crucaeans with metacercariae, which go to lungs
5. Praziquantel

Front 23

Intermediate host which may be required but in which no parasite development occurs (aka transfer host)
-(wild boar in Japan and Tigers in Sumatra)

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Paratenic host

Front 24

Echinostoma spp.
- Species
1. Definitive Host:
2. Intermediate Host:
3. Diagnostic Stage:
4. Infectious Stage:
5. Symptoms
5. Treatment:

Back 24

intestinal trematode
1. Humans
2. Snail & Snail
3. Eggs
4. Human ingestion of undercooked Snail
5. Inflammation of small intestine
6. Praziquantel, tetrachloroethylene

Front 25

Heterophyes
- Species
1. Definitive Host:
2. Intermediate Host:
3. Diagnostic Stage:
4. Infectious Stage:
5. Treatment:

Back 25

-intestinal trematode
1. humans, dogs, cats, birds
2. snail, fish
3. eggs with FULLY DEVELOPED miracidium in feces
4. eating under cooked fish
5. praziquantel, tetrachloroethylene

Front 26

Unique lifecycle of Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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-Trematode
Do not hatch when eaten by snail, cercariae in slime balls when snail moves, slime balls taken up by ants, which are consumed by host when they eat grass

Front 27

Schistosoma
-species
1. Definitive Host:
2. Intermediate Host:
3. Diagnostic Stage:
4. Infectious Stage:

Back 27

-Blood fluke
1. human
2. snail
3. eggs in feces (S. mansoni, S. japonicum) and urine (S. haemabotium)
4. Cercariae lose tail and penetrate human skin and become schisotumulae, which circulate and migrate to portal blood in liver to pair up

Front 28

Paired adult shistosomas migrate to:

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-Meseneric venules of bowel and rectum (S. mansoni and S. japonicum)
-Venous plexus of bladder (S. haematobium)

Front 29

3 Pathological phases of Shistoma

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-Migratory (penetration to maturity and egg production) - asymptomatic
-Acute (begins at egg production) - major symptoms including Katayama Fever
-Chronic (asymptomatic)

Front 30

Intermediate snail host for shistosoma fluke worm

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Biompharlaria spp.

Front 31

Anterior attachment organ of Cestodes

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Scolex

Front 32

Diphyllobothrium latum
-species
1. Definitive Host:
2. Intermediate Host:
3. Diagnostic Stage:
4. Infectious Stage:
5. Symptoms:

Back 32

-Cestode (tapeworm)
1. Humans
2. Crustaceans, small fish, predatory fish
3. Uembryonated eggs in feces
4. Larva released from from crustacean inside of small fish
5. asymptomatic in humans normally, but can result in vitamin b12 deficiency and anemia

Front 33

When procercoids of some Diphyllobothrium species are accidentally ingested (swallowing while drinking water) they can migrate from the gut and develop into plerocercoids (eye issues)

Back 33

Sparganosis

Front 34

Taenia solium or T. saginata
-species
1. Definitive Host:
2. Intermediate Host:
3. Diagnostic Stage:
4. Infectious Stage:

Back 34

Cestode (pork or beef tapeworm)
1. human
2. Pigs or cattle
3. Eggs of gravid plogottids in feces
4. Onchospheres develop into cysticerci in muscle. Humans eat raw or under cooked meat.

Front 35

Roundworms
-cuticle layer surrounding
-bilateral, radial symmetry

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Nematodes

Front 36

Ascaris
-Species
1. Definitive Host
2. Intermediate Host
3. Drug of Choice
4. Symptoms
5. When does parasite become infectious?

Back 36

-Nematodes Roundworms
1. humans
2. none
3. Albendazole
4. Asympomatic, but can cause pulmonary issues during migration through lungs as well as intestinal obstruction
5. When larvae hatch from fertilized egg

Front 37

Difference between fertilized and unfertilized ascaris egg?

Back 37

unfertilized eggs are NOT infectious

Front 38

Toxocara canis
-Species
1. Definitive Host
2. Human clinical presentation?

Back 38

-Nematode/ dog roundworm
1. dogs
2. visceral and ocular larva migrans

Front 39

Human condition/disease from the invasion of larva from Toxocara canis into tissues (liver heart, brain, lungs, muscle)

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Visceral Larva Migrans

Front 40

Disease caused by Shistosomiasis

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hepatosplenomegaly, portal hypertension, Katayama Fever

Front 41

1. What are the hook worm species?
2. How does it get into the human body and in what larval form?
3. Clinical manifestation
4. Treatment?

Back 41

1. Necatur Americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
2. Pentrates skin as a filarial larvae
3. Anemia (from "teeth") and cutaneous larval migrans from penetration, respiratory issues during pulmonary migration
4. Albendazole

Front 42

How does Toxocara canis differ from Baylisascaris in humans?

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Larva in Baylisascaris continue to develop into adults in humans, while they do not in T. canis

Front 43

Human clinical manifestations from Toxocara canis?

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VLM and OLM

Front 44

How does one diagnose T. canis?

Back 44

Must base of of clinical symptoms, exposure to puppies, lab findings, and antibodies

Front 45

Difference effects of T. canis in older vs younger dogs? Pregnant dogs?

Back 45

Older dogs develop cysts
Younger dogs see larval migration through the body and adults worms developing in SI
Pregnant dogs can transmit to puppies

Front 46

The reservoir host of Bayliscaris is ____. In human clinical manifestations include ____ & ____, with a tendency to invade__________.

Back 46

-Raccoon
-Visceral & Occular Larval Migrans
- brain, spinal cord, and eyes

Front 47

The human pinworm is ______. Where do female pinworms lay their eggs on _____.

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Enterobius vermicularis
Perianal region of humans

Front 48

How does one distinuish between Necatur americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale?

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Larva---Eggs DO NOT show difference

Front 49

How does one distinguish between Hooks worms and Strongyloids?

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Rhabditiform (L2) larvae

Front 50

How does Strongyloides differ from other nematodes?

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-Has both a free-living and parasitic lifestyle
- capable of autoinfection
-Rhabitiform LARVAE in FECES (***NOT EGGS**)

Front 51

-Human symptoms from Strongyloides stercoralis

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-GI symptoms
-Pulomnary symptoms from migration
-rash in butt and waist
-cutaneous larval migrans

Front 52

How is Strongyloides stercoralis diagnosed?
What drug is used to treat it?

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-Identification of larva in stool, duodenal fluid, or sputum
-IVERMECTIN

Front 53

Capillaria philippinensis
-Family
1. Definitive Hosts
2. Intermediate Host
3. Unique feature of disease in humans
4. Treatment

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-Nematode
1. Humans and Birds
2. Fish that ingest embryonated eggs
3. Autoinfection by female worms that hatch larvae to reinavde intestine
4. Mebendezole

Front 54

Clinical features of heavy Trichuris trichuria infection?
Treatment?

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-GI issues: abdominal pain, diarhhea, rectal prolapse
-growth retardation
-Mebendezole

Front 55

Where do larvae hatch in T. trichuria? Become Adults?

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Small intestine
Colon/Cecum

Front 56

Anisakis simplex
-Family
1.Larvae become adults in /Unembroyonated eggs excreted by______.
2. Intermediate Hosts

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-Nematode
1. Marine Mammals
2. Free swimming L2 larvae ingested by Crustaceans and Fish/squid

Front 57

Clinical features of Anisakis simplex in humans?
Treatment?

Back 57

-Violent abdominal pain and vomiting within hours
-if larvae pass in bowel may cause eosiphonic granulation mimicking Chron's Disease
-Surgical or endoscopic removal

Front 58

Angiostrongylus cantonensis
1. Definitive Host
2. Intermediate Host
3. Where do the eggs hatch?
4. Can humans transmit?
5. Clinical manifestations in humans?

Back 58

-Rat Lungworm nematode
1. Rats
2. Snails and Slugs
3. Lungs of rat
4. NO
5. eosinophilic meningitis and abdominal angiostrongyliasis

Front 59

Where do eggs hatch in Angiostrongylus cantonensis? What are passed are passed in the feces?

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-Lung of rat
-Larvae passed in feces and taken up by snails and slugs

Front 60

Trichinella spiralis larva becomes encysted in _______

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striated muscle

Front 61

Dominant reservoir host of Trichinella sporalis? Other cycles?

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Pigs ---- Wild animal sylvatic cycles in nearly every climate

Front 62

Humans ingest ____ to get Trichinella spiralis Larva are released in the ______ and encyst in the ___________ to become infective L1.

Back 62

1. Undercooked meat
2. small intestine
3. striated muscle

Front 63

When Trichinella larvae are encysted in striated muscle this:
-alters gene expression of host cell to nourish worm
-synthesizes collagen by neighboring fibroblasts to enclose
-helps absorb nutrients, be long lived, and calcify

Back 63

Nurse cell

Front 64

Pathology of Trichinellis due to ________ as they randomly penetrate cells (brain, liver, kidney, heart) in search of striated skeletal muscle. Larvae in the muscle cause?

Back 64

migrating newborn larvae

facial edema, fever, myalgia, splinter hemorrhages, rash

Front 65

Diagnosis of Trichinella?
Treatment?

Back 65

-Based on stage of life cycle and larvae in feces, blood, secretions
-confirmed by biopsy or PCR
-Treatment by steroids and mebendazole

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Also known as Guinea Worm

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Dracunculus medinensis

Front 67

Dracuunculus medinensis larva (L3) is consumed by humans when they drink water containing _______.

Back 67

Copepods

Front 68

Unique characteristic of Dracunculus medinensis. Upon the death of a copepods and a female is fertilized she migrates to the _______ and emerges after _______ (time). ____ released from worm into the water.

Back 68

Skin, One year, L1 Larvae

Front 69

Clinical Pathology of Dracunculus medinensis?
Treatment?

Back 69

-blister from where worm is discharged, bacterial infection, paraplegia from worms in CNS
- Cleanse lesion, mechanically remove worm, Mebendezole to kills worms, metronizole to reduce inflammation

Front 70

Nematodes that inhabit lymphatics or subcutaneous tissues

Back 70

Filarial Worms

Front 71

Lymphatic filariasis caused by _____ and _____. Transmitted to humans by bite of ________.

Back 71

Wucheria bancrofti and Brugia malayi.
Mosquito

Front 72

African LF vectors
American LF Vectors

Back 72

-Anopheles
- Aedes, Culex, Mansonia

Front 73

Lymphatic filariasis causes what clinical manifestations?
LF Treatments?

Back 73

-Lymphadema and elephantiasis
-Bacterial infections cause hardening and thickening of skin

-DEC (kills microfilariae and adult worm, but does not treat elephant./lymph.)
-Ivermectin (only kills microfill)
-Combo therapy for 5 years
-Antihistamines or Wolbachia antibiotics

Front 74

Onchocerca volvulus transmitted by _______

Back 74

blackfly (Simulium)

Front 75

Infection from Onchocerca occurs when larva form _____ in the _____ or _____.

Treatment?

Back 75

Nodules, skin or eye

-Ivermectin reduces number of microfilariae to decrease progress of skin disease but does not kill adult worms

Front 76

Skin rashes, swelling, inflammation, lesions, severe itching occur when ________ die in the sublayers of the skin

Back 76

Microfilariae

Front 77

Ocular disease from Onchercerca occurs when fibrosis causes clouding of ________, ____, and ___

Back 77

cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor

Front 78

Loa Loa
1. Vector
2a. Migrate into
2. Adults sheath microfilaraiae found in?
3. Adult cause local inflammatory reactions in the skin called_______
4. Dying worms cause _____,
5. Treatment

Back 78

1. Deer Fly
2a. Conjunctiva and cornea of eye
2. Spinal fluid, urine, sputum, blood, lungs
3. Calabar swellings
4. abscesses (granulomas/fibrosis)
5. DEC & Surgery to remove adult worms

Front 79

Dirafloria immitis is also known as

Back 79

dog heartworm

Front 80

D. immitis causes damage to the _______ by mechanical obstruction of blood flow from inflammation and number of worms present. Also can cause vena cava syndrome

Back 80

pulmonary arteries

Front 81

Dogs that have D. immitis may have this _________, which large numbers of adult worms in heart cause almost complete blockage of blood flow

Back 81

Vena Cava Syndrome

Front 82

In humans, D. immitis cause ________ dirofloriasis, where worms go the _____ and die, causing granulomas.

Back 82

Pulomonary , lungs

Front 83

Diagnosis and Treatment of D. immitis

Back 83

-detect microfilariae in the blood
-Ivermectin

Front 84

Echinococcus
-Causes???
1. Definitive Host
2. Intermediate Host
3. Diagnostic stage
4. Infectious Stage

Back 84

-Hydatid cyst
1. Dogs and canine
2. sheep, goats, swine
3. Hydatid cyst in liver, lungs of intermediate host
4. Embyonated eggs in feces

Front 85

Hydatid cycst of Echinococcus attaches to intestinal wall via

Back 85

Proscolex

Front 86

Dipylidium caninum
1. Definitive Host
2. Intermediate Host
3. Diagnostic Stage
4. Infective Stage

Back 86

Cestode
1. Dogs or cats
2. Flea
3. Proglottids containing egg packet held together by embryonic membrane
4. Flea harbours infective cysticercoid

Front 87

Humans or children get cysticercoid of D. caninum by ingesting ____

Back 87

flea

Front 88

Hymenolepsis diminuta
1. Definitive
2. Intermediate
3. Diagnostic Stage
4. Infective stage

Back 88

trematode
1. Rodent or human
2. Arthropod
3. Eggs i nfeces
4. Cysticerci in body cavity of insect ingested by human

Front 89

Hymenolepsis nana
1. Definitive Host
2. Intermediate
3. Diagnostic Stage
4. Infective stage
5. Unique characteristic of H. nana in humans

Back 89

-cestode
1. humans or rodents
2. insect
3. Embryoanted eggs in feces
4. Eggs ingestedingested by human or rodent, or ingestion of cysticercoid infected arthropods
5. Capable of autoinfection

Front 90

-Treatment for lumen dwelling cestodes
-Treatment for tissue dwelling

Back 90

-Praziquantel, Niclosamine for D. latum and Hymenolepsis spp.

-Albendazole or praziquantel