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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aberrant (erratic) Parasite
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parasite located in an abnormal site or organ for that parasite
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Acetabulum
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Sucker of a tapeworm, the ventral sucker of a fluke
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Acanthocephala
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Phylum of parasitic helminths (thorny headed worms)
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Acanthella
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Developmental stage of an acanthocephala that occurs in intermediate host
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Acanthor
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Larval stage of an acanthocephala in the egg infective to intermediate host
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Aestivation
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State of dormancy during the summer or periods of drought
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Animal unit (a.u.)
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Amount of forage available to sustain one average cow for one year
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Armed
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Presence of hooks as hold fast organs on the anterior of tapeworms and Acanthocephala
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Arthropod
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Invertebrate animal with jointed appendages and a firm cuticular exoskeleton containing chitin
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Amastigote (L-D body)
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Form of Trypanosomatidae, contains fibril (internal flagellum), lacks external flagella, the intracellular satage found in vertebrate hosts, of Leishmania spp or Trypanosoma cruzi
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Amoeboid
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Cells in which shape changes due to formation/ withdrawl of processes or pseudopodia
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Autochthonous
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Indigenous, native
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Axoneme
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Core of cilium or flagellum containing microtubules
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Axostyle
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Internal support rod or tube-like organelle in some protozoa
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Baermann Technique
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Separation of larvae from fecal material or forage by soaking and allowing the larvae to wiggle away from substrate and sink into a collector
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Bilharziasis
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Another name for schistosomiasis
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Binary Fission
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Division of a cell into 2 indentical daughter cells
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Biological vector
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A vector, usually an arthropod, in which development or multiplication of an organism occurs before transmission to another host
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Bothria
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Longitudinal slits, used to hold fast organs, on scolex (head) of pseudophyllidean tapeworms
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Bottle Jaw
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intermandibular edema in ruminants due to hypoproteinemia
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Bradyzoite
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Slowly reproducing stages of sporozoan protozoa within tissue cysts
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Browse
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tender shoots, twigs, and leaves of trees and shrubs used as food by certain animals
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Buccal Cavity
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Mouth cavity of certain animals
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Bursa
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Copulatory bursa is a web-like organ with finger like projections (rays) used by the male in grasping female during mating in some nematodes
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Carrier
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Infected host which does not have signs of disease
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Cercaria
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Larval stage of digenetic trematodes released from the snail intermediate host, possesses a tail for swimming and may infect host by 1) attaching to vegetation and encysting to metacercaria stage (Fasciola), 2) infecting 2nd intermediate host and encysting ti metacaria stage (Dicrocelium), or 3) direct skin penetration (schistosome)
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Cestode
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Tapeworm, a ribbon like segmented flat bodied helminth
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Chromatin
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Substance in the cell nucleus which stains with nuclear dyes
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Cilium (cilia pl.)
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Slender, motile process composed of sheath and core (axoneme). Sheath is an extension of plasma membrane. Core consists of one pair of central tubules and nine pairs of peripheral tubules (9+2 configuration). Cilia are shorter than flagella and usually numerous
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Coenurus
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Taenia larval stage, seen as a translucent fluid filled cyst with numerous protoscolices found in mammalian intermediate host
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Complete Metamorphis
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Change of body form of insects from larva to onago (adult) in which each form or stage is completely different from others
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Conjugation
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A form of sexual reproduction peculiar to ciliated protozoa; exchange of pronuclei
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Coelom
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Body cavity
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Copepod
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Aquatic crustaceans, some free living species serve as intermediate hosts for helminths
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Coracidium
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Ciliated larval stage of pseudophyllidean tapeworms, release from egg, infective for intermediate host
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Cyst
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Stage in life cycle of a protozoan in which the organism is surrounded by a distinct membrane, a resting stage relatively resistant to environmental changes
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Cysticercoid
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Solid bodied larval stage of cyclophyllidean tapeworm in an arthropod intermediate host
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Cysticercus
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Taenia larval stage, seen as a translucent fluid dilled cyst with a single protoscolex found in a mammalian intermediate host
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Cystacanth
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The larval stage of acanthocephala found in intermediate host and infective to direct host
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Direct Host (DH)
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Harbors adult or sexual reproductive stages of parasite's life cycle
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Digenetic
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Having two types of multiplication in two or more hosts. Sexual, occurs in adult or mature stage withing definitive host, asexual, occurs in larval stages within intermediate host(s); bbelonging to the subclass of trematodes Digena (all flukes of human and veterinary importance belong to this order)
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Direct life Cycle
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Only one host required in cycle, but part of cycle may be in the environment
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Disease
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Departure from normal physiologic or behavioral functions by the host
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Dioecious
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sexes are separate and distinct
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Dyspnea
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Difficulty breathing
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Ectoparasite
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Parasite in the surface of the body of the host
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Egg Basket
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A membrane bound cluster of eggs which are released from the segments of some tapeworms
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Embryophore
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Egg shell of cestodes
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Encystment
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Formation of a resistant external wall by a parasite either free in the environment, on plant materal, or in tissue, that allows it to survive adverse conditions or host immune responses; encysted stage is infective
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Endodyogeny
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Formation of two similar daughter cells within the parent cell
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Endoparasite
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parasite within the body of the host
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Endopolyogeny
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The formation of more than 2 daughter cells within the mother cell
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Environment
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Aggregate of all external conditions/influences affecting the life and development of an organism
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EPG
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Abbreviation for number of eggs per gram of feces, value calculated from McMaster's or other quantitative test
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Eukaryote
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Organism with membrane-bound organelles
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Buryoxenous
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broad host range
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Exo-erythrocyctic
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Presence of parasites of Plasmodium spp. that occurs in a cell other than erythrocyes, specifically liver cells
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Extra-erythrocytic
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Presence of parasites in the blood stream but not within erythrocytes, such as with trypanosomes
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Extrinsic prepatient period
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Developmental period in a vector
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Faultative Parasite
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A organism which is capable of surviving without a host or with a host
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Farrowing
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Parturition by a sow
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FERT- Fecal egg reduction test
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EPG values (number of eggs per gram of feces) compared before and after anthelmintic treatment, usually calculated using the herd/flock EPG means to determine % efficacy
before mean-after mean --------------------- X 100= Efficacy before mean |
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Flagellum
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Slender motile process composed of a sheath and a core. Sheath is an extension of plasma membrane. Core consists of one pair of central tubules and nine pairs of peripheral tubules. Flagella are usually long and few in number
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Flotation
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Separation of eggs or cysts from fecal material or soil by differential buoyant density
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Fluke
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Non segmented flat bodied helminth in the class Trematoda having an oral an ventral sucker
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Forbs
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Small succulent edibles plants (weeds,herbs) other than grasses consumed by grazing animals
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Gamete
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Sexual cell which fuses with another gamete to form a zygote (syngamy)
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Gamogony (gametogony)
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Formation of gametes
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Gamnot
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Gameocyte; precursor to a sex cell or gamete
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Gastropod
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Snails & slugs; class Gastropoda
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Genital Pore/ Genital Atrium
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Cavity in body where male and female genital ducts open; found in most trematodes and cestodes
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Gilt
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Maiden porcine
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Granuloma
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A nodule of tissue containing inflammatory cells
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Gravid
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Filled with eggs
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Gynaecophoral groove (canal)
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A slit in the body woall of male Schistoosomatidae in which the female resides
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Helminth
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Multicellular parasitic worm; nematode, cestode, trematode, or acanthocephala
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Haemocoel
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Body cavity of arthropods
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Hemoglobinuria
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Hemoglobin from ruptured erythrocytes in the urine
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Heteroxenous
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Has 2 or more hosts in its life cycle
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Hexacanth Embryo
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6 hooked larvae in a cestode egg
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Horizontal transmission
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Transmission of an infectious agent from one host to another through environment
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Host
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Living organism affording sustenance or protection to a parasite
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Hydatid Cyst
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Larval stage of Echinococcus in which there are numerous protoscolices with primary and secondary broad capsules, contained within a thich walled fluid filled cyst
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Hypobiosis
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Arrested development; a point where metabolic activity of the parasite ceases within the host. This may be in response to resistance by the host or unfavorable environmental conditions
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Imago
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An insect in its adult, sexually mature state
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Incidence
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Number of new cases in a given time period
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Incidental Parasite
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A parasite in or on a host species which is normally noth the host of that parasite
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Incubation Period
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The period between the time of infection and the onset of clinical signs
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Indirect Life Cyle
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At least 2 hosts required: 1) the definitive host which harbors the adult or sexually reproductive stage of the parasite and 2) one or more intermediate host(s) which harbors the developmental or asexually reproductive stages of the parasite
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Infection
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Parasite within the body of the host, a common phenomenon which indicates that host has been invaded but does not indicate disease
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Infestation
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A parasite on the surface of the host
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Intermediate Host (IH)
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Required host in parasite life cycle in which either a change of form or asexual reproduction takes place; this must occur before stage is infective for DH or second intermediate host
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Intermittent (periodic) Parasite
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Only visits the host for short periods of time
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Kinetoplast
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Conspicuously stained part of a mitochondrion in a trypanosome, found near kinetosome
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Kinetosome (basal body, blepharoplast)
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Center from which axoneme arises
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Knott Test
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Diagnostic test using differential lysis of erythrocytes and centrifugation so that microfilaria can be concentrated and observed microscopically
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Macrogamete
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Large, non-motile sexual cell considered equivalent to ovum or female gamete
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Macrogamont (Macrogametocyte)
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Cell which gives rise to macrogamete
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Macronucleus
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Large nucleus of ciliated protozoa; containing several to many sets of chromosomes and controls cellular metabolism
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Mammilated
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Covered with nipples or bumps
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McMaster Technique
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Quantitative method of determining numbers of eggs or cysts per gram of fecal material. A flotation technique using specific volume of fecal amterial and observed in a specially designed chamber
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Mechanical Vector
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A vector in which there is no development or multiplication
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Merogony (Schizogony)
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Form of asexual reproduction in which, as cell grows, the nucleus divides but cytoplasm fission is delayed until growth is completed
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Mernot (schiznot)
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Stage in Apicomplexa life cycle in which multiple fission occurs to produce merozites
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Merozite
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Small uninucleate cells formed when a mernot divides
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Metacercaria
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Infective encysted larval stage of trematode; found on plant material or within tisssues of 2nd intermediate host
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Metacyclic
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Infective encysted forms or trypanosomes which appear at end of development cycle in vector
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Metazoa
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Multicellular organisms of the animal kingdom. Including organisms in Phyla, Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes, and Arthropods
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Microgamete
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Small, motile sexual cell, considered equivalent to sperm or male gamete
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Microgamont
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Cell which gives rise to microgametes
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Micronucleus
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Small, diploid nucleus of ciliated protozoa which is essential for sexual reproduction
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Milk Spots
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Granulomas and fibromas on surface of a pig liver which give appearance of spilt milk
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Miracidium
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Free-living, ciliated larva released from trematode egg and infective for snail intermediate host
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Mollusc
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Phylum of invertebrate animals with soft unsegmented body usually enclosed in a calcareous shell (snails, mussels, clams, slugs)
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Molt
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To shed outer coat to replaced by new growth
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Monoecious
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Each individual parasite has both male and female sex organs
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Monoxenous
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Has only one host in its life cycle
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Myiasis
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Infestation/infection of tissue by fly larvae (maggots)
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Obligatory Parasite
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Organism which is incapable of completing its lifecycle without a host
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Oocyst
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Cyst formed by a zygote, environmentally resistant stage in Phylum Apicomplexa
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Operculate Egg
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An egg (of most trematodes and some cestodes) with a cap or lid at one end through which larval stage (miracidium or coracidium) escapes
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Operculum
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Lid or cap-like structure at one end of most trematode and some cestode eggs through which larval stage escapes
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Organelle
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Specialized part of a cell in a single celled organism that resembles and functions as an organ
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Ovajectors
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Muscular organs for expulsion of eggs
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Oviparous
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Production of eggs by female worm
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Ovovivparous
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A female worm which passes a larvated egg
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Parasite
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Organism which lives within or upon a different host species and may cause harm to host
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Parasitic Gastroenterisitis (PGE)
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The array of parasites withing the GI tract of the host that causes disease which is usually greater than the contribution of each parasite species
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Paratenic Host (PH)
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Harbors non-developing stages of a parasite
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Parthrnogenetic Female
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A female that reproduces without a gamete from a male
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Pathognomonic
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Distinctive characterisitic of disease or lesion that leads to specific diagnosis
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Pasture
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vegetation consumed by grazing animals and the ground on which the vegetation grows
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Pasture Rotation
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Movement of livestock from one pasture to another so that vegetation will recover after being grazed
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Patent Period
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Period of parasite reproduction within the host
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Perienteric Space
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Body cavity of nematode, fluid filled cavity analogous to abdominal or thoracic cavity of vertebrates
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Periparturient Relaxation of Resistance (PPRR)
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lack of resistance to helminth infections and reproduction in female host during late pregnancy and early lactation
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Permanent Parasite
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Spends entire life cycle in or on the host
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Pleomorphic
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Quality or state of having or assuming various forms
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Plerocercoid
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Larval stage of pseudophyllidean tapeworm that develops from procercoid, found in 2nd intermediate host ot paratenic host
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Premunition
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Resistance of a host to superinfection. This resistance depends upon the survival of parasites within the host and disappears after their elimination. It may be complete or partial resisitance
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Prepatent Period
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period between time of infection and apperance of reproductive products of parasite
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Prevalence
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Number of cases in a population at a point in time
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Procercoid
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Second larval stage of a pseudophyllidean tapeworm in intermediate host
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Proglottid
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One segment in an adult tapeworm strobila
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Protoscolex
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Juvenile scolex within the cyst of a cysticercoid or hydatid cyst
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Protozoan
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Single-celled, microscopic organisms of subkingdom Protozoa, which include primitive forms of eukaryotic life
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Pseudopodium (false foot)
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Processes formed from cell surface in locomotion which are not permanent structures
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Recrudescence
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Increase in parasitemia to detectable levels; source of parasitemia is blood
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Redia
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Asexual larval stage of a digenetic trematode found within snail intermediate host that consists of an elongated sac with a mouth, muscular pharynx, primitive gut, birth pore, and germinal cells, which may develop into cercariae or daughter redia
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Relapse
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Increase in parasitemia to detectable levels; source of parasitemia is liver/other exoerthrocytic organ
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Reservoir
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Host which is the source of infection/infestation for other hosts
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Rostellum
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Apex of the scolex of tapeworms where hooks may be found
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Salivarian
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Trypanosomes which are generally transmitted to host by injection by vector from salivary gland
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Scolex
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head or anterior end of tapeworms
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Schizont
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Mernot, intracellular stage in Apicomplexa life cycle in which multiple fission occurs to produce merozites
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Self Cure
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Spontaneous removal of helminhs by an allergic type of reaction by the host
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Simple Metamorphosis
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Incomplete metamorphosis; no change in morphology only in size of insects form
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Small Grain Pasture
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Grazing of small grains, i.e. wheat, oat, or rye while plants are rapidly growing before seed heads are formed. Small grains are annual
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Sparganum
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Plerocercoid, larval stage in 2nd intermediate host of a pseudophyllidean tapeworm
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Spicules
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Male organ(s) of intromission in nematodes
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Sporocyst
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1) sac like asexual reproductive stage of trematodes found within snail intermediate host may develop into daughter sporocysts or redia. 2) A developmental stage of Apicomplexa within an oocyst or free in the environment
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Sporozoite
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Infective form of sporozoan parasites; develo[ by fission of the zygote
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Sporogony
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process of formation of spores or sporozoites
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Sporulation
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Process of spore formation
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Spring Rise
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Increase in fecal egg counts in spring usually a reflection of maturation of hypobiotic larvae or PPRR
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Sterocorarian
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Trypanosomeswhich develop in posterior digestive tract of invertebrate host, transmission by contamination with feces or hind gut contents
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Stocker Calves
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beef calves weaned from mother but to young/small to go to feedlot, usually pastured for inexpensive weight gain
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Strobila
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Body of a tapeworm consisting of numerous proglottids
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Superinfection
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New infection of host while previous infection with parasite of same species is still present
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Symbiotic
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Dissimilar organisms living together in close association
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Syngamy
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Process by which two gametes fuse to form a zygote
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Tachyzoite
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merozoite-like sporozoans which rapidly reproduce by endodyogeny
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Tapeworm
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Ribbon like segmented flat bodied helminth in the class Cestoda
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Temporary Parasite
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Spends only part of life cycle in or on the host
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Transovarial
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Passage of infectious agent from female into egg resulting in new generation of infected hosts
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Transstadial
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Retention of infectious agent through a molt to next stage of an arthropod's development i.e. nymph to adult
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Trematode
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Fluke, a non segmented flat bodied helminth with an oral and ventral sucker
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Trphozoite
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Any stage in life cycle of protozoan in which cells are taking nourishment, vegetative cells
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Undulating membrane
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Fin like membrane across the surface of a cell attaching the cell to a flagellum
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Vector
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An agent which transfers a parasite from one host to another
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Vertical Transmission
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Transmission of infectious agent from mother to offspring, through uterus, egg, milk, or direct contact
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Viviparous
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Production of larvae by the female worm
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Warble
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Swelling under the skin which contains a larval fly, usually Hypoderma or Cuterebra
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Wether
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Castrated male sheep or goat
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Zoonosis
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Disease which can naturally be transmitted between humans and other animals
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Zygote
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Cell formed by union of two gametes
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