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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the other name for Guinea Worm?
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Drancunculiasis
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What is the life cycle of Drancunculiasis?
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Human ingests infected water flea.
Digested flea releases larvae, which mate and grow in lower limbs. Worm creates painful blister, which person attempts to cool in water. On contact with water, the worm releases a cloud of larvae. In water, larvae re-infect water flea. |
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What causes elephantisis?
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Filariasis - Wuchereria Bancrofti
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Where is Drancunculiasis indigenous?
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Africa and Asia
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What are the 5 variable approaches to parasitic treatment?
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1) endemic (continual) exposures
2) epidemic (seasonal) exposures 3) short-term traveler exposures 4) chronic suppressive prophylaxis in infected and immune-compromised patients 5) periodic treatment to prevent disease (e.g. burden) but not infection |
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How is malaria resistant to chloroquine?
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Active efflux (MDR), which is reversible with Ca++ channel blockers
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How is malaria resistant to antifolate drugs?
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Mutations in DHFR-thymidylate synthetase
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How is leishmania resistant to antimony?
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Drug efflux or lack of Sb reducing activity (enzyme?)
*Poorly understood molecular and genetic mechanisms in parasites in general. |
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What are:
CRPF MRPF CRPV PRPV |
CRPF - Chlorouqine resistant P. falciparum - widespread
MRPF - Mefloquine resistant P. falciparum - Thai/Myanmar and Thai/Cambodia borders, Vietnam, Laos CRPV - Chloroquine resistant P. vivax - Indonesia, Brazil PRPV - Primaquine resistant P. vivax - Papua New Guinea |
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What are the targets of anti-protozoal and anti-helminth antiparasitic drugs?
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Anti-protozoal - Usually targeted vs rapidly proliferating, young, growing cells (specific nucleic acid or protein synthesis, specific metabolic pathway)
Anti-helminth - Targeted vs non-proliferating adult organisms, due to more complex life cycles. |
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How does toxoplasmosis infection occur in humans?
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Ingestion of cysts in raw or undercooked meat.
Ingestion of oocysts in water or food. Congenitally via transplacental transmission from the mother. Contaminated organ transplant, contaminated blood transfusion, accidental contaminated needle stick, etc. |
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What resevoirs to the toxoplasmosis cyst and oocyst form in?
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Oocyst - cats
Cyst - other animals |
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When is the high and low risk period for congenital toxoplasmosis infection?
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Highest risk - weeks 10-24
Low-risk period - weeks 26-40 |
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What do you use to treat toxoplasmosis in the pregnant mother, and why?
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Spiramycin, it reduces incidence of congenital infection by about 60%
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What are the symptoms of congenital toxoplasmosis?
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Eye - chorioretinitis, strabismus, blindness
CNS - epilepsy, retardation, encephalitis, microcephaly, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications Other - Anemia, jaundice, rash, petechiae due to thrombocytopenia, pneumonia, diarrhea, hypothermia, and nonspecific illness |
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What do you use to treat toxoplasmosis?
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Pyrimethamine is the most active drug (add folic acid to decrease bone marrow suppression).
Add sulfadiazene or clindamycin. ****Only monotherapy in pregnant women - SPIRAMYCIN - reduces chance of fetal infection. |
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How do you treat a pregnant women infected with toxoplasmosis vs. a fetus infected with toxoplasmosis? In an infected newborn?
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Infected mother only - Spiramycin - reduces chance of fetal infection.
***If fetal infection - Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine - treat to reduce damage Newborn - Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine for 1 year. Steroids as needed to reduce CNS/eye damage |
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What behaviors can prevent congenital toxoplasmosis?
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Avoid contact with cats or cat feces.
Avoid raw or undercooked meat |
