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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Giardia species
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-common name Giardia
-flagellated protozoan -trophozoite: motile feeding stage; pear shaped dorsoventrally flat; 4 pairs flagella, 2 nuclei & adhesive disc; "eyes looking at you" -mature cysts: refratile wall with 4 nuclei -immature cysts: recently encysted trophozoite; 2 nuclei -diarrhea as early as 5 days after exposure & cysts in feces at 1 week -Assemblages A & B associated with humans Assemblages C & D associated with dogs Assemblages E associated with ruminants Assemblages F associated with cats Assemblages G associated with rodents -diagnosed with standard fecal flotation using zinc sulfate or Sheather's sugar -trophozoites may be found on direct smear of fresh feces using isotonic saline -Lugol's iodine stain may allow visualization of internal structures of organism |
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Entamoeba histolytica
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-common name Entamoeba
-causes vamebic dysentery in humans & sporadic infections in vdogs -usually produces no pathology -cats rarely infected -trophozoite is single spherical nucleus with endosome -mature cysts thin refractile & may have 4 nuclei each with an endosome -immature cysts are recently encysted trophozoites with one nucleus -diagnosis with standard fecal flotation -in formed stools usually only see cyst -warm, freshly passed diarrheic stool can find cyst & trophozoite -Lugol's stain may visual internal structures of both forms -zinc sulfate may be used to concentrate cysts -major concern in primates |
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Balantidium coli
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-common name Balantidium
-ciliated porotozoa sometimes in cecum & colon of dogs -more common in pigs |
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Cystoisospora species
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-common name Coccidia
-coccidian parasites of small intestines of dogs & cats -most common diagnosed protozoan disease in puppies & kittens -causes loose watery diarrhea that's rarely a problem in adult animals -unsporulated oocysts diagnosed in fecal flotation of fresh feces -C.canis: canine -C.felis: cats -prepatent period 7-14 days, varying among species - |
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Toxoplasma gondii
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-common name Toxoplasm
-intestinal coccidian of cats -diagnosed by standard fecal flotation -unsporulated oocysts in fresh feces -many immunodiagnostic tests available -prepatent period 5-24 days, varying on infection route -can use humans & warmblooded vertebrates as intermediate hosts -zoonotic |
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Life cycle of Cystoisospora species
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1. oocysts passed in feces & if found in water & food in the environment
2. oocysts are ingested by new hosts 3. oocysts develops into sporozoites 4. sporozoite enters intestinal epitheliuk & other cells 5. sporozoites reproduce asexually & become merozoites 6. cell containing merozoite dies 7. merozoites are released from dead cells & can enter new cells 8. merozoites develop into microgametobytes & macrogametocytes that get together 9.sporozoites are produced |
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Cryptosporidium species
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-common name cryptosporidium or crypto
-parasitizes mucosal cells of small intestine of a variety of animals, causing inflammation of the cells -cats, dogs, cows, pigs, birds, guinea pigs -major clinical sign diarrhea -sporulated oocysts in feces are oval to spherical -diagnosed by standard fecal flotation & oocysts may be just under the coverslip -ELISA tests used to diagnose -special stains such as modified acid-fast stain -zoonotic & C.parvum most common zoonotic species |
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sarcocystis species
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-common name sarcocystis
-coccidian parasite found in small intestine -oocysts are sporulated when passed in the feces -each oocyst contains 2 sporocyst, each with 4 sporozoites -standard fecal flotation -oocysts will excyst & go through multiple asexual reproductions in the muscles of the intermediate host -intermediate hosts are ruminants, horses, pigs -tissue from infected intermediate host must be ingested to complete maturing of oocyst in final species: cats & dogs |
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Life cycle of Cystoisospora
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1. cat ingests tachyzoite from intermediate host or ingests oocysts from stool; oocysts then develop to tachyzoites
2. tachyzoites go into extra intestinal cells & reproduce more tachyzoites 3.tachyzoites can go into cells or produce more tachyzoites 4. tachyzoites become bradyzoites bradyzoites are released from extra intestinal cells & enter intestinal epithelial cells where they go through asexual reproduction in merozoite stage 5. merozoites enter extra intestinal cells to produce tachyzoites that go through a reproductive stage 6. in merozoite stage they become microgametocytes or macrogametocytes that produce zygotes 7. zygotes encyst to form oocysts that are passed in feces 8. oocysts develop into infective stage in about 3 days |
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Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii in felines
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-dogs, humans, other hosts ingests oocysts tissue cyst from other infected non-feline hosts (tachyzoites) or oocysts from feline feces
-oocysts develop into bradyzoites, sporozoites or tachyzoites -enter any tissue cell -reproduce to tachyzoites that can either enter any tissue cell or migrate across the placenta -tachyzoites causes an immune system response -immune system causes parasite to encyst & become dormant in tissue cysts |
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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-common name Trypanosome
-hemoprotozoan: protozoan found circulating in peripheral blood -sometimes reported in dogs in southern states, primarily in Central & South America -extracellular -trypomastigote is the swimming stage app. 3-10 times as long as an RBC is wide -banana shaoed with lateral, undulating membrane & flagellum -amastigote stage is the resting cyst stage & is encysted in cardiac muscles & other tissues like esophagus; lacks flagellum -trypomastigote diagnosed with direct blood smears -amastigote stage must be confirmed using histopathologic sectioning |
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Leishmania species
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-common name Leishmania
-hemoprotozoan -normally in areas other than North America but has been reported in dogs that have traveled or born overseas -intracellular & in reticuloendothelial cells of capillaries, spleen, other internal organs, monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes & macrophages -amastigote stage lacks flagellum -transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies -ameastigote stage must be confirmed by histopathologic sectioning of infected organs |
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Babesia canis
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-common name Babesia or canine piroplasm
-intracellular in RBCs of dogs -pear shaped -transmitted by bite of infective tick -diagnosed by seeing basophilic, pear shaped organisms within RBCs in stain blood smear -common symptoms pale mucous membranes, icterus, hemoglobinuria, depression, hemoglobinemia, weakness, splenomegaly, fever, anorexia |
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Cytauxzoon felis
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-common name cytauxzoon
-intracellular in RBCs in cats throughout USA & Africa -produces piroplasms, which are minute size parasites in blood cells -piroplasms described as shaped like a bejeweled ring and are referred to as the ring form when seen in stained blood smears -spread by ticks -prognosis is poor -diagnose by seeing bejeweled ring piroplasms within RBC in stained blood smears -symtpoms are feer, icterus, anemia, dehydration, death |
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Hepatozoon canis & H. americanum
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-common name Hepatozoon
-intracellular, malaria like parasites affecting dogs -gamonts are the blood form & found in leukocytes -gamonts are surrounded by delicate capsule & stain pale blue with dark, reddish purple nucleus; a lot of pink granules in cytoplasm of leukocyte -schizonts are found in endothelial cells or spleen, bone marrow, liver -onion skin of H.americanum are in skeletal muscles of dogs -dog becomes infected by INGESTING infected tick -H.canis symptoms vary from subclinical to mild disease -H. americanum violent disease frequently resulting in death |
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Eimeria species, Eimeria bovis & E.zuernii of ruminants
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-common name Coccidia
-difficult to identify Eimeria species as oocysts are similar in size & shape -life cycle similar to Cystoisospora species -causes inflammation of intestinal cells -E.bovis & E.zuernii most common species of Coccidia in cattle; differentiated by standard fecal flotation -when oocysts are found in fecal flotation, noted as coccidia on record -can cause diarrhea, possible neurological signs like muscle tremors, convulsions & blindness |
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Cryptosporidium species in animals other than dogs and cats
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-common name Crypto
-coccidian that parasitizes small intestines -affects many animals including cattle, sheep, goats -sporulated oocysts in feces are colorless, transparent & very small -Diagnosed by standard fecal flotation and stained fecal smears -ZOONOTIC -Sheather's sugar solution often used to recover oocysts *more detailed in crypto for small animals |
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Trypanosoma species in ruminants
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-common name Trypanosome
-hemoprotozoan found in peripheral blood -parasite has long narrow body, dark nucleus, anterior flagellum & sail like undulating membrane -thin blood smear will show these among RBCs -very common parasite but rarely seen in routine smear |
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Babesia bigemina of bovines
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-common name Babesia
-intracellular parasite found in RBCs of cattle -large piroplasm causes damage by residing within the RBC -can be seen in stained blood smear -pear shaped & are in pairs that form an acute angle within erythrocytes -intermediate host Boophilus annulatus -symptoms fever, depression, icterus, anorexia, hemoglobinuria, pale mucus membranes, weakness, splenomegaly |
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Tritrichomonas foetus of cattle
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-common name Trichomonas
-protozoa residing in reproductive tract of cattle: prepuce of infected bulls; vagina, cervix & uterus heifers -causes physiologic distrubances leading to abortion -parasite pear shaped with sail like undulating membrane & 3 rapidly moving anterior flagella -Diagnose by finding parasite in freshly collected stomach fluid from aborted fetus, uterine discharges or washing of vagina and prepuce -centrifuge fluids at 2000 rpm for 5 mins; remove supernatant & use sediment -more accurate diagnosis fluid can be cultured on special media |
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Giardia assemblage E in equines
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-common name Giardia
-horses, cows, sheep, goats, pigs -low incidence in horses -trophozoites & cysts similar to species in dogs & cats -invades small intestine causing diarrhea -zinc sulfate & Sheather's sugar solution float cysts |
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Eimeria leuckarti of equines
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-common name Coccidia
-coccidian in small intestines of horses, especially young horses -asymptomatic & self-limiting but can cause inflammation of intestinal cells -horses become immune to further infections -large oocysts that are dark brown, thick wall & distinct micropyle at narrow end -recover oocysts in fecal flotation using saturated sodium nitrate or saturated sugar solution or with fecal sedimentation -these are the largest coccidian oocysts |
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Babesia equi & Babesia caballi in equines
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-common name Equine piroplasm
-intracellular within the erytrhrocytes of horses, damaging cells simply by residing there -spread by bite of infective tick: each species uses different tick as intermediate host -Diagnose by observing basophilic, pear shaped trophozoites in RBCs stained blood smears -B.equi trophozoites are round, ameboid or pyriform; 4 organelles can be joined giving the appearance of a Maltese cross -B.caballi trophozoites are pyriform, round or oval; occur in pairs at acute right angles to each other -Symptoms fever, depression, icterus, anorexia, hemoglobinuria, pale mucous membranes, weakness, splenomegaly |
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Klossiella equi in equines
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-common name Klossiella
-nonpathogenic coccidian infecting the kidneys -no marked inflammatory response -oocysts can occasionally be found in histopathologic exam of kidney & urine sediment -only horses with pathologic effects from inflammation are in immune compromised horses |
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Sarcocystis neurona in equines
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-common name Sarcocystis
-sometimes found in asexual (schizogonous) stage of development in nervous system, especially the spinal cord -this stage can invade CNS causing equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EMP) -EMP most often in standardbreds & thoroughbreds -clinical signs of EMP are ataxia, weakness, stumbling, muscle wasting & disorientation -oocysts ingested from food or water contaminated with opossum feces -EMP resembles many equine neurological diseases, such as Wobblers syndrome, Eastern or Western equine encephalitis -development stages not seen antemortem -Diagnose by histopathologic exam: submit tissues to histopathological laboratory -causes encephalomyelitis in many mammals & most important cause of neurologic disease in horses -complete lifecycle unknown, particularly the development & localization in intermediate host opossum - |
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Balantidium coli of swines
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-common name Balantidium
-very large ciliated protozoan in large intestine of swine -observed in fresh diarrhea -usually nonpathogenic -trophozoites (motile stage) sausage to kidney shaped macronucleus -cysts spherical to oval and slight greenish-yellow color -B.coli covered in numerous rows of cilia: very mobile -diagnosed by fecal flotation or direct smear of intestinal contents of fresh diarrhea - |
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Cystiosospora suis of swine
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-common name Coccidia
-coccidian of small intestine of swine, especially young piglets -merozoite stage causes inflammation in small intestine -oocysts subspherical, lack a micropyle -oocysts found in fecal flotation of fresh feces -common symptoms diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss -postmortem diagnosis in piglets with symptoms but not shedding oocysts done with direct smear of jejunum stained with Diff-Quik: look for banana shaped merozoites -prepatent period 4-8 days |
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Cryptosporidium species
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-common name Crypto
-small intestines of many animals, including swine -sporulated oocysts in feces are colorless & transparent -Diagnose by fecal flotation or stained fecal smears -ZOONOTIC |
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Giardia psittaci of avians
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-common name Giardia
-most common protozoan seen in pet bird practices -flagellated -cockatiels, budgerigars, lovebirds -feces of affected avians becomes voluminous, chunky & pea soup consistency -fresh saline mounts can show motile trophozoites with falling leaf motility -allergic skin conditions can be associated -fecal trichrome stain can enhance visualization -others stains include Lugol's iodine, Gram's stain, Wright's stain |
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Histomonas meleagridis of poultry
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-common name Blackhead
-turkeys, pheasants, chickens, peafowl -flagellate causes infectious enterohepatitis or blackhead -intermediate host Heterakis gallinarum: cecal worm -oocysts ingested directly from infected feces or by ingesting Heterakis gallinarum -after ingesting, oocysts are released by intermediate host ova, reproduce in cecum, migrate to liver causing inflammation & necrosis of liver cells -Diagnose by necropsy & histopathologic exam of liver -suspect Blackhead if fecal float is positive for Heterakis gallinarum, since its the intermediate host |
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Trichomonas gallinae
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-common name Trichomonas
-found in crop washes & crop swabs of pigeons, doves, poultry -occasionally causes death in finches -in North America, rare in psittacine birds, but reported in budgerigars -doesn't produce oocysts -transmitted by direct contact with contaminated water from infected bird or infected bird during fighting or feeding -produces nodules in the crop that cause cell death & obstructions -parasite best seen by direct saline smear of crop contents & has 4 anterior flagella -if airdried smear is stained with Wright's stain, parasite becomes oval with stained blue with red axostyle |
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Trypanosoma species
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-common name Trypanosome
-occasionally found in cockatoos but rarely causes clinical disease -swimming, flagellated protozoa with posterior flagellum & undulating membrane |
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Haemoproteus species of avians
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-common name Haemoproteus
-white cockatoos, green winged macaws, some species conures -in RBCs rarely associated with clinical disease such as anemia but can destroy red cells if anemia is associated with clinical disease -parasite is bluish, sausage shaped body in cytoplasm of RBCs; sometimes body is covered in blue dots -infects variety of water fowl & can cause death |
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Plasmodium species of avians
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-common name avian malaria
-can cause death in some canaries in parts of the USA -intermediate host is mosquito -many of the developmental stages occur in internal organs such as liver & spleen, can cause inflammation -causes "signet ring" forms when the body of the organism displaces the nucleus of RBC, which can cause cell destruction, leading to anemia -diagnose by organ impression smears & histopathologic exam of liver & spleen -PCR (polymerase chain reactions) tests have been developed for diagnosing |
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Leucocytozoon species of raptors
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-common name Leucocytozoon
-birds of prey like owls, hawks, falcons -presence of this large protozoan organism in white blood cells distort shape & appearance -variety of forms can be present, occasionally associated with leukocytosis & disease -most common form is fusiform shape (spindle) -most infections subclinical |
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Aegyptinanella species
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-common name Aegyptianella
-occasionally found in pet birds like African Gray parrots -causes little clinical problems -intracellular in RBCs, appear as marginated dot on cell |
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Cystoisospora serini
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-common name Coccidia or Atoxoplasmosis
-coccicial parasite of canaries & finches -can affect several organs, causing respiratory signs due to inflammation of those organs -sexual cycle in intestinal mucosa where very few oocysts are passed in feces -asexual cycle occurs in liver, lungs, spleen causing inflammation -parasite best seen with organ impression smears of lung, liver, spleen |
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Eimeria irresidua, E.magna, E.media, E.perforans
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-common name Coccidia of rabbits
-most species infect small intestine but E.media can also infect large intestine -E.irresidua oocysts have smooth walls light yellow in color; wide micropyle with no polar granules or residuum; sporocysts within are ovoid with body & residuum -clinical signs severe hemorrhagic diarrhea, excessive thrist, dehydration caused by inflamed intestines -postmortem indications are inflamed intestines & sloughing of intestinal lining -E.magna mature oocyst is ovoid, with dark yellow-brown wall; wide micropyle built up around rim with no micropyle cap; oocysts & sporocysts have residuum; sporocysts are ovoid with a body -clinical signs weight loss, anorexia, mucoid diarrhea -necropsy signs are inflammation & sloughing of the lining of intestine -E.media oocysts are ovoids with smooth wall & light pink color; micropyle & residuum; sporocysts inside are ovoid with body & residuum -E.media moderately pathogenic, may cause enteritis & diarrhea caused by inflamed intestines -necropsy intestinal wall may be edematous & contain gray foci of necrosis |
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Eimeria stiedai of rabbits
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-common name Coccidia of rabbits
-highly pathogenic coccidian infects liver bile ducts -variable mortality, highest in young rabbits -oocysts are ovoid with flattened pole at micropyle end; smooth yellow wall; no polar granule or residuum -sporocysts are ovoid with body & residuum -light infections usually no clinical signs -heavier infections may cause blocked bile ducts & impaired liver function, resulting in icterus & abdominal distention from enlarged liver -diarrhea, constipation, anorexia -at necropsy, white dilated nodules seen in liver -hyperplastic bile ducts contain yellow-green creamy material, which oocysts can be found in impression smears -transmitted by ingesting sporulated oocysts passed in feces -prepatent period |
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Giardia assemblage G of rodents
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-common name Giardia
-trophozoites similar to other Giardia trophozoites -trophozoite body is pyriform shaped, with 2 nuclei lie at anterior end, 4 pairs flagella emerging from various areas of the body -cysts are similar in size to trophozoites & have 2-4 nuclei -trophozoites & cysts can be detected in direct fecal smear, possibly fecal flotation -use zinc sulfate solution for floats, salt & sugar solutions distort cysts -animals with diarrhea, do direct fecal smear for motile trophozoites - cyst form not present -no specific clinical signs |
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Tritrichomonas caviae
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-common name flagellate of guinea pigs
-little to no pathogencity in guinea pigs -has 3 anterior flagella, trailing posterior flagellum, undulating membrane extending length of the body -found in cecum -protozoans proliferate secondarily because of the fluid medium produced by the diarrhea -direct fecal smear, especially in guinea pigs with diarrhea -transmitted between guinea pigs by ingestion of trophozoites passed in the feces of carrier animals |
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Entamoeba caviae
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-common name Amoeba of guinea pigs
-common nonpathogenic cecal organism -can be disregarded as pathogenic organism |
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Eimeria caviae
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-common name Coccidia of guinea pigs
-oval to slightly subspherical oocyst with brown walls; no micropyle of polar granules; oocyst & sporocysts contain residuum -commonly found in large intestine, particularly in ascending or proximal colon -diagnosed by fecal flotation; repeat 4-5 days apart for 2-3 weeks -diagnosed more consistently postmortem: intestinal scrapings placed in saline to examine microscopically -young animals stressed by poor nutrition & husbandry may have clinical signs, otherwise nonpathogenic -clinical signs limited to diarrhea 11-13 days after exposure; diarrhea ceases after few days if not reinfected |
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Cryptosporidium wrairi
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-common name Crypto
-most often seen lining tips of intestinal villi in ileum of young guinea pigs -best result to diagnose is examining fresh mucosal scrapings by phase contrast microscope -appear extracellular but are within microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells -only clinical sign is weight loss |
