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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the Amoebas?
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"Entamoeba histolytica, Naegleria fowleri
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What are the Flagellates?
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Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia
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What are the Apicocomplexans?
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Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp., Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae
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what are the Kinetoplasts?
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Trypanosoma gambiense, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi
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What are the nematodes?
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FILL IN AHMAD SAID 4 QUESTION ON THESE
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What are the cestodes?
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teania saginata, taenia solium, diphyllobothrium latum, Echinococcus granulosus
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Toxoplasma gondii
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x
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Cryptosporidium spp.
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x
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Giardia lamblia
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giardiasis
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Entamoeba histolytica
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amebiasis
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Naegleria fowleri
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x
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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x
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Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae
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malaria
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Leishmania spp.
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multiple
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Trypanosoma gambiense
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African trypanosomiasis
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Trypanosoma rhodesiense
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African trypanosomiasis
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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Chagas disease; American trypanosomiasis
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Enterobius vermicularis
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Emperor of pruritis ani
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Trichuris trichiura
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x
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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x
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Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale
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x
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Ancylostoma duodenale
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x
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Strongyloides stercoralis
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x
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Dog or cat hookworm
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Cutaneous larval migrans
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Toxocara canis
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Viscera larval migrans
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Trichinella spp.
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Trichinosis
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Wuchereria bancrofti
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Filariasis, elephantiasis
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Brugia malayi
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Filariasis, elephantiasis
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Loa loa
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x
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Onchocerca volvulus
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onchocerciasis; river blindness
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Clonorchis sinensis
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x
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S. mansoni, japonicum, or mekongi
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Katayama (for acute disease), Bilharzia for chronic
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S. haematobium
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x
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Paragonimus westermani
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x
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Taenia saginata
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x
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Taenia solium
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x
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Taenia solium
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Cysticercosis
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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x
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Echinococcus granulosus
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Hydatid disease
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Ingestion of sporulated oocyst from cat feces
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Cryptosporidium spp.
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Ingestion of oocyst
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Giardia lamblia
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Ingestion of cyst
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Ingestion of cyst
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Naegleria fowleri
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Organisms in fresh water
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Sexual
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Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae
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Bite of infected Anopheles mosquito
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Leishmania spp.
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Bite of infected fly
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Trypanosoma gambiense
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Bite of Tsetse fly
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Trypanosoma rhodesiense
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Bite of Tsetse fly
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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Bite of Reduviid bug
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Enterobius vermicularis
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Ingestion of ova
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Trichuris trichiura
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Ingestion of ova
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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Ingestion of ova
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Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale
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Skin penetration by filariform larvae
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Ancylostoma duodenale
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Skin penetration by filariform larvae
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Strongyloides stercoralis
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Same as hookworm
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Dog or cat hookworm
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Skin penetration by filariform larvae
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Toxocara canis
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Same as Ascaris
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Trichinella spp.
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Ingestion of viable larvae in meat (usually pork)
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Wuchereria bancrofti
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Bite of infected mosquito
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Brugia malayi
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Bite of infected mosquito
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Loa loa
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Bite of infected fly
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Onchocerca volvulus
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Bite of Simulium fly
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Clonorchis sinensis
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Ingest uncooked fish
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S. mansoni, japonicum, or mekongi
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Cercariae penetrate skin
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S. haematobium
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Cercariae penetrate skin
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Paragonimus westermani
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Ingest uncooked crabs
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Taenia saginata
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Ingest larvae in beef
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Taenia solium
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(1) Ingest larvae in pork
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Taenia solium
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(2) Ingest ova
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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Ingest uncooked fish
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Echinococcus granulosus
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Ingestion of dog feces
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Sexual cycle completed in cat, oocyst passed in feces which sporulates in environment and is then infective; obligate intracelluar parasite of most nucleated cells
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Cryptosporidium spp.
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Diarrhea which can persist in immunocompromised hosts
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Giardia lamblia
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Asymptomatic to protracted diarrhea
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Primary invasion of colon; secondary abscess in liver or rarely other organs
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Naegleria fowleri
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Travel up olfactory nerve to invade via nasal mucosa brain, cause acute meningitis
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Infects vaginal epithelial cells and causes vaginitis
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Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae
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Fever, musculoskeletal pains, severe headache, diarrhea; “P. falciparum capillary occlusions especially dangerous
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Leishmania spp.
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?????????
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Trypanosoma gambiense
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chancre at site of bite, then relapsing fever and lymphadenopathy, then CNS infection (sleeping sickness)
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Trypanosoma rhodesiense
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chancre at site of bite, then relapsing fever and lymphadenopathy, then CNS infection (sleeping sickness)
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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Initial infection may cause systemic, cardiac or CNS disease, followed by indeterminate infection, then mega-disease
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Enterobius vermicularis
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Adults in rectum and colon; (pinworm) Most common parasite of children; anal pruritis; restlessness
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Trichuris trichiura
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Adults in colon and rectum; light infections asymptomatic; heavy infections may cause diarrhea, tenesmus and rectal prolapse
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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requires development in soil before infective; adults in small intestine; light infections asymptomatic; occasional intestinal obstruction or migrations of adult in heavy infection
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Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale
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Adults in small intestines;(hookworm) duodenale penetrate skin, light Infections asymptomatic; heavy infection plus malnutrition cause anemia and hypoproteinemia
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Ancylostoma duodenale
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Adults in small intestines;(hookworm) duodenale penetrate skin, light Infections asymptomatic; heavy infection plus malnutrition cause anemia and hypoproteinemia
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Strongyloides stercoralis
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Adults in small intestinal mucosa symptoms vary, i.e. asymptomatic mucoid diarrhea with malabsorption potentially fatal in immunologically compromised host due to autoinfection
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Dog or cat hookworm
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Hookworm penetrates thru intact skin and migrates thru skin
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Toxocara canis
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Ingested ova hatch into larvae, which invade various organs; eosinophilia; IgE; hepatosplenomegaly occasionally retinal granuloma due to larval migration
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Trichinella spp.
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Adults cause GI disturbances; larvae cause muscle pains,ocular edema, eosinophilia
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Wuchereria bancrofti
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Larva develop into adults in hosts; immune response to these causes scarring which may develop to elephantiasis
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Brugia malayi
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Inflammatory response and scarring in lymphatics, much directed againstWolbachia, the obligate endosymbiont
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Loa loa
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Calabar swellings
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Onchocerca volvulus
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Larvae develop into adult worms in subcutaneous tissue; cause formation of tumor-like nodules. Microfilarial forms migrate through eye and may cause blindness
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Clonorchis sinensis
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Adults live in intrahepatic biliary tree and may cause gb or liver disease
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S. mansoni, japonicum, or mekongi
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Granulomatous reactions to eggs deposited. in intestinal venules or those trapped in liver or other organs
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S. haematobium
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Granulomatous reactions in bladder
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Paragonimus westermani
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Lung lesions from migration thru lungs
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Taenia saginata
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Vague GI disturbances
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Taenia solium
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(1) Vague GI disturbances
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Taenia solium
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(2) CNS symptoms due to larvae
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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Vitamin B12 deficiency may develop
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Echinococcus granulosus
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Eggs mature to larvae which migrate to multiple organs, causing cysts
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Serology
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Cryptosporidium spp.
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Stool for modified acid fast stain or FA of stool
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Giardia lamblia
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Stool for cysts or trophs, stool IFA or ELISA, duodenal aspirate
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Stool for trophozoites or cysts; Trophozoites seen only in warm fresh stool; serology for invasive disease
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Naegleria fowleri
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Visualize organisms in CSF; they look similar to monocytes
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Visualize motile organisms from vaginal specimen
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Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae
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Blood smear, thick & thin, obtained several times in 24 hr
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Leishmania spp.
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Microscopic visualization or culture of organism from lesion
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Trypanosoma gambiense
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Blood or CSF smear, biopsy specimen
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Trypanosoma rhodesiense
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Blood or CSF smear, biopsy specimen
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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Serology, blood smear
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Enterobius vermicularis
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Cellulose tape for ova; Collect first thing in morning
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Trichuris trichiura
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Stool for ova
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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Stool for ova
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Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale
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Stool for ova
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Ancylostoma duodenale
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Stool for ova
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Strongyloides stercoralis
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Stool or duodenal aspirates for larvae; Baerman concentration
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Dog or cat hookworm
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Clinical
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Toxocara canis
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Diagnosis difficult; white cell count and differential for eosinophilia; IgE level; precipitin test, liver biopsy
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Trichinella spp.
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Skin test; serologic tests; muscle biopsy
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Wuchereria bancrofti
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blood for microfilaria; may be day or night depending on local pattern
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Brugia malayi
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blood for microfilaria; may be day or night depending on local pattern
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Loa loa
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daytime blood for microfilaria
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Onchocerca volvulus
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Skin snip for microfilaria
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Clonorchis sinensis
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Stool for ova
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S. mansoni, japonicum, or mekongi
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Stool & rectal biopsy for ova; Eggs may be scarce
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S. haematobium
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Urine for ova; biopsy of bladder; Eggs may be scarce
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Paragonimus westermani
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Ova in stool or sputum
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Taenia saginata
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Stool for proglottids or ova
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Taenia solium
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Stool for proglottids or ova
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Taenia solium
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Radiologic evidence of cysticerci in affected organ; serology
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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Stool for proglottids or ova
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Echinococcus granulosus
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Skin test; serologic tests
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