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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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-Parascaris Equorum
-Roundworm -Rarely seen in adults -Nematode |
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-Strongylus
-Bloodworm -Oval, thin shell, like hookworm -Small and Large strongyles -nematode |
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Small Strongyles
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-appear to have become resistant to available anthelmintics
-go to cecum and mature -40 species |
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Life cycle of strongyles
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-larvae develop inside the ova and hatch
-larvae undergo a free living existence -larvae are ingested by host |
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Large Strongyles
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-migratory
-very complex life cycle Types: Vulgaris, equinus, edentatus |
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Large strongylus life cycle
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-prepatient period 6-12 months
-larvae spend time in mesenteric arteries and liver -end up in large intestine |
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Effect of Strongyles on horse
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-damage to liver, intestine
-diarrhea, anemia, unthriftiness -obstruction or damage to mesenteric arteries -cause colic, death |
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-Anoplocephala
-tapeworm -angular shape-baseball diamond -often can see scolex (head of tapeworm) -grey, deflated appearance -smaller than dog roundworms, but bigger than taenia -square segments can be seen on gross exam |
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-oxyuris equi
-pinworm -operculum (hatch) at one end -often embryonated -more pointy at base than strongyle |
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-Eimeria
-type of coccidia -pore at more pointed end -solid red/brown -look closely - can see nucleus in middle sometimes -thick outer shell -looks like half an avocado |
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Pinworm life cycle
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-adult females in large intestines migrate to perianal area to lay eggs
-larvae become infective in eggs -host ingests infective eggs |
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Pinworm effect on host
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-tail rubbing
-pruritis in anal area |
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Toxacara
aka roundworm |
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Trichuris Vulpis
aka whipworm |
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Dipyllidium
aka tapeworm |
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Taenia
aka tapeworm |
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isospora
one type of coccidia |
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Steps for Simple Flotation
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-place 1-2 tsp feces in cup
-fill 1/4 way with floatation solution -mix well with tongue depressor -strain thru tea strainer into cup 2 -dispose of remains in trash - not sink -pour liquid into test tube which is in rack -place coverslip on tube -wait for 15 minutes before reading - don't take too long -put coverslip on a slide to read -liquid should fill space below coverslip -examine entire coverslip on low power using low light |
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What does floatation test for?
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-nematode ova
-coccidian oocysts -cestode ova and packets of ova -light-weight trematode ova -it is not a good method for other protozoan parasites, most flukes, any larvae or adult parasites |
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What are 4 floatation solutions?
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-sodium nitrate
-zinc sulfate -magnesium sulfate -sheather's solution |
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What is Sheather's Solution made of?
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-Super saturated sugar water
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What do we look for in the gross exam?
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-color
-mucus/blood -consistency -adult worms (rounds and tapes) -presence of foreign bodies |
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steps for fixed rotor centrifuge
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-prep sample same as for simple floatation
-only fill 90% or 3/4 inch below top -DO NOT COVERSLIP -balance centrifuge if needed (equal volume of liquid on opposite side) -spin 5 minutes @ 1500 rpm (revolutions per minute) -after centrifuge, put in rack -top off with more solution and coverslip -wait 10 minutes before reading |
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Steps for swinging centrifuge
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-preparation same as simple float
-place cover-slipped test tube in centrifuge -balance the centrifuge -equal volume of liquid, opposite side -spin @ 5 minutes @ 1500 rpm -remove coverslip and read |
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Steps for simple fecal sedimentation
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-FOR LARVAE OR VERY LARGE OVA
-mix sample w/ water or saline, strain -centrifuge, pour off supernatant -look at drop of sediment under coverslip |
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What are the steps for a Direct exam?
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-mix tiny bit of feces with a drop of saline on a slide
-coverslip -high power, low light, 10 field minimum (usually more) -not the method of choice for detecting coccidians or non-protozoans -main reason is to look for trophozooites |
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When do we do a direct exam/direct smear?
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-routine for all birds, reptiles, and amphibians
-other species with unformed or semi-formed stool |
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What do we use a Baermann apparatus for?
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-fecal sedimentation (recovery of larvae only)
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Toxacaris Vitularium
bovine/ruminant roundworm |
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Ruminant Trichostrongylus
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Trichuris
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Monezia
aka tapeworm |
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Ruminant eimeria
aka coccidia |
