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144 Cards in this Set
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Humans: Chronic keratitis; Granulomatous amoebic encephaltitis
Dogs: Epizootic in greyhounds - Pneumonia & Meningioencephalitis Dogs < 1 yr. Trsm: Resp, breaks in skin +/- hematogenous "bulls eye" apparance of trophozoites in tissues |
Acanthomoeba
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Ulcers in GIT, +/- peritonitis, abscesses
Clinical 1. Lumenal 2. Invasive Intestinal ameobiasis 3. Invasive extratestinal amoebiasis" Infective: CYST Primary trsm from HUMAN-->PETS Dx: Trophozoite in fresh feces; Ulcers |
Entamoeba histiolytica
cartwheel nucleus |
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Retpilian Amebiasis
Duodenual & Hepatic Necrosis |
Entamoeba invadens
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Humans: Primary amoebic meningioencephalitits (PAM);
*Rapdily fatal infection --> Hemorrhagic necrotizing (purulent) ME Trsm: NASAL Cavity (migrarate to CNS via olfactory n.) Dx: *CSF, tissues (brain) |
Naegleria foleri
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Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum Sarcodina |
entamoeba, Acanthamoeba, Naegleria
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Phylum CIliophora (Ciliates)
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Balantidium suis (B. coli), Icthyophthirius multifiliis
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Phylum Euglenozoa
Class Kinetoplasta |
Trypanosoma, Lesihmania
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Mucosoflagellates
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Class: Zoomastigophorea
Order: Diplomonadida, Trichomonadida Sprinucleus, Giardia Trichomoas, Tritrichomonas, Histomonas |
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Hemoflagellates
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Class: Kinetoplasta
Order: Kinetoplastida (Trypnaosomatids) |
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Diplomonadida
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Giardia, Sipronucleus
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Trcihomonadid
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Trichomonasa, Tritrichomoas, Histomoans
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Subphylum: Sarcodina (Amoeboids)
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Entamoeba histolytica, invadens; Acanthamoeba, Naegleria
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Phylum Euglenozoa (Sarcomastigophora)
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sarcodina (ameoboids); mastigophra (flagellates)
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Trypomastigotes, amastigotes
(NO CYST) |
Trypanosomatida
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Trypanosoma
____ trypanosoma has only trpomastigotesin vert host ___ has both trypomastigotes & amastigotes ____ has only amastigotes |
African Trypanosoma
American Trypanoamoa (T. cruzi) Leismainia |
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Trypanosoma exceptions of vector (hematogenous) trsm
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T. equiperdum - coitus
T evansi, vivax - mechanical |
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Groupings: stercoraria, salivaria
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Trypanosoma
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Vectors:
T. theileria - ____ T. melophagium -_____ T. cuzi - ______ |
Biting flies
Sheep keds Reduviidbugs |
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Most stercocaria are not pathogens, except _______-
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T. cruzi
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"Chagas"
cycles in wildlife nocturnal feeder (reduviid) Infective: METACYCLIC others: Blood trsfusion, ingestion, *Trsplacental/Trsmammary Trypomastigotes (blood) penetrate host cells--> amastigotes (tissues), repeat cycle Acute < 2 yrs - ACUTE MYOCARDITIS Chronic persistent intracellular amastigotes in tissues -DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY (w/in 5 yrs) Fatal: 9 mos to 5 yrs PI dx: serology (indicates exposure vs. active inection) Tx: only affective agst TRYPOMASTIGOTES |
T. cruzi
"C" or "S" shaped, terminal kinetoplast |
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Trsm: Contaminative to vert; Discontinuous multiplication
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Stercocaria (T. cruzi)
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Trsm: Innoculative, Continuous multiplicaiton
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Salivaria (African trypanosoma)
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Variable surface glycoproteins (VSG); Antigenic variation
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salivaria - pahogenicity
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"Surra"
Hosts: Camels, Horses Trsm: Mechanical |
T. evansi
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"Dourine"
Hosts: Equidae (Horses, Donkeys) Trsm: 1. Veneral 2. Mare to foal (rare)-milk, discharge 3. Iatrogenic Cycle- multiplies at site of entry = ReproT --> peripheral blood Clinical stages: 1. Localizes in ReproT (1-4 wks PI) 2. URTICARIAL CUTANEOUS PLAQUES ("Silver dollar plaques" (1-2 mos PI) <--PATHOGNOMONIC 3. Anemia, Nervous System (lameness, paralysis) Dx- Plaques; CF Test = successful eradication |
T. equiperda
Urticarial plques: on Chest, flank, rump due to multiplicaiton in tissues & host rxn |
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Rodents (+ cats) = Cutaneous
Dogs = Visceral Foxhounds - amastigotes in joint fluid Vector = Sandflies; bite ears IH Cycle: Ingests mo w/ amastigotes when feeding; parasite multiplies in gut; PROMASTIGOTES inoculated during feeding Vert host Cycle: Promastigotes invade local mos; multiply as intracellular amastigotes; cell dies, rptures, --> release amastigotes; amastigotes taken up by new host cells of MONOCYTE lineage Trsm: Vertical, Can also be DIRECT CONTACT VL Path- Incr IgM, IgG --> CIRCULATING IMMUNE COMPLEXES; T cell dysfunction; Mo proliferation Definitive Dx: Amastigotes in tissues: Bone marrow, liver, spleen, lnn, skin lesions Dx- ELISA - highly sensitive for VL Tx-Antimonial, Allopurinol TX FAILURE & RELAPSES COMMON Tx is NOT CURATIVE: Not all parasites eliminated; relapses; zoonotic Euthanasia Px- Tick collars; Leishmune CL Primarily *Nose, Ears slow progressive growth - Lesion-alopecia, nodular w/ central ulceraions & secondary bacterial; onchygryposis parasitized mos at edges of lesion |
Lieshmania
Monocyte lineage: VL: Bone marrow, spleen, lnn; CL: Skin, mm Immune complexes --> GN, vasculitis, polyarthritis all but spleen acessible AM for Definitive Dx |
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Swine
PIG FECES Trophozoite in COLON LUMEN CYSTS in feces |
Balantidium suis (B. coli)
Large macronucleus, tiny micronucleus |
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"Ich" or "White spot dz"
Cycle- Large cilate leaveshost --> forms repro CYST & produces large nos of free swimming young (TOMITES) that must find host w/in 48 hrs. Tx - Only TOMTES --> repeated txs |
Ichthyophthirius miltifiliis
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"Hexamitosis" or "Infections Catarrhal Enteritis"
Poultry, esp. TURKEYS (POULTS) Cycle-Trophozoite ingested w/ food/water RECENTLY contaminated; localized in DUODENUM; multiplies asexually; trophozoites shed in feces Lesions: SI nodular ballooning & Excess fluid Definitive Dx- Examine mucosal scraping or fluid from upper SI (or fresh feces) for trophozoites Tx- None |
Spironucleus meleagridis
"rapid darting motion" Smaller, more slender, 8 flagella, lacks ventral adhesive disk of Giardia |
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"Purple burps", "Bever Fever"
MOST COMMON HUMAN IT PARASITE - young kennels/catteries Cycle- Cysts ingested w/ contaminated food/water; cysts excyst in SI; multiply asexually in SI; trophozoites attach to gut epithelial cells; CYSTS passed in feces & IMMEDIATELY INFECTIVE Path-Usually only symptomatic in immunosuppressed hosts Infection --> VILLOUS ATROPHY, DIFFUSE LOSS OF MIROVILLUS BRUSH BORDER Humans Acute Chronic - Recurrent acute symptoms; Malabsorption & debilitaiton Animals -persistent diarrhea CHARACTEISTIC FECES: - usually Afebrile, Bright & Alert, NOT ANOREXIC --> may not be the sole cause of diarrhea Definitive Dx - TROPHOZOITES more likely in LOOSE STOOLS CYSTS (fecal float) more likely in SEMI-FORMED STOOLS Cysts shed intermittently --> Fecal exam every other day x3 Dx- IFA & ELISA both sensitive & more specific than fecal float Tx- X-LABEL: *Refractory Cases Vacc- GiardiaVax |
Giardia
Trophozoite: flagella w/ TWO nuclei mature cysts = FOUR nuclei "falling leaf motion" Trophozoites = VENTRAL ADHESIVE SUCKING DISK --> attach to gut epi cells cysts survive wks to mos in cool, moist conditions contaminated water = important source of infeciton dissacharidase insufficiencty, impaired absorption Feces: Liquid to Semi-formed, pale, malodorous, incr mucus, steatorrhea Dx-can also do endoscopy, laparotomy for trophozoites Cysts distored in sugar sol--> 'Crescent' shape Cysts have axonemes = take up Iodine NOTE: Cysts temporarily dissapear after barium enema, laxatives, kaopectate... |
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Assemblages
A,B zoonotic C,D- canid E- bovid F - felid |
Giardia duodenalis
(G. lamblia, G. intestinalis) ssemblage = genotype group |
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Birds
Vector = Biting midges Low path Merogony in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of BLOOD VESSELS GAMETOCYTES develop in RBCs |
Haemoproteus
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Wild ducks, geese...
Vector = Black flies Cycle- MEGALOCHIZONTS in PARENCHYMA & RE cells of all major organs GAMETOVYTES develop in & distort WBCs anorexia, dyspnea, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, death |
Leucocytozoon
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Primates, rodents, reptiles, birds
Vector: Culicine mosquitoes Cycle- Enters cells like hepatocytes; undergoes PRE-ERYTHROCYTE MEROGONY; release of MEROZOITES that infect RBCs; ERYTRHOCYTIC MERGONY IN RBCS; release merozoites invade RBCS OR some become Micro & Macro-Gametocytes that infect the blood-feeding mosquito --> in mosquito forms ZYGOTE --> OOKINETE (motile); invades the Midgut wall & forms OOCYST; oocyst ruptures --> release 1000s of SPOROZOITES in HEMOCOEL; migrate to/invade Salivary gl. GAMETOCYTES also in RBCs Birds hepatosplenomegaly, chills, fecer, anemia... Dx- blood smear |
Plasmodium
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Class Sporozoasidea (Conoidasida)
Suborder Eimeriorina Family Eimeriidae, Cryptosporididae, Sarcocystidae |
Apicomplexa
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Family Eimeriidae
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Eimeria, Isospora
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Family Cryptosporididae
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Cryptosporidium
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Family Sarcocystidae
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Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis
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Eimeriorina: Enteric
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Eimeria, Isospora + Cryptosporidiae
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Eimeriorina: Enteric &/or Tissue
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Family Sarcocystidae
(Sarcocystis, Neospora, Toxoplasma) |
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Order Eucoccidiorida
Suborder Adeleorina Family Hepatozoidae |
Hepatoozoon
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Eucoccidiorida: Tissues & Bloodstream Leukocytes
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Hepatozoon
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Order Eucoccidiorida
Suborder Haemosporonia (haemosporidia) |
Plasmodium, Haemproteus, Leucocytozoon
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Eucoccidiorida: Endothelial cells & RBCs, +/- liver, spleen, +/- monocytes
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Haemosporonia
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Apicomplexa
Class Sporozoasida (Conoidasida) Subclass Piroplsmasina (prioplasmids) |
Theileria, Cytauxzoon, Babesia
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Subclass Piroplsmasina: Lymphocytes/RBCs
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Theileria
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Subclass Piroplasmasina:
Macrophages/RBCs |
Cytauxzoon
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Subclass Piroplsmasina:
RBCs |
Babesia
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Vector = Blood-sucking arthropod
Merogony = VERT Gematogony = Begins in Vert, Completed in Vector Sporogony = VECTOR (*OOKINETES vs. OOCYSTS SPOROZOITE = infective |
Haeosporirida (Piroplasmodium, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon)
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Vector= Ixodid tick
Sporozoite injected w/ tick bite Primary ASEXUAL STAGES in ERYTROCYTE (+/- leukocyte Remainder of cycle in vector |
Piroplasma
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Family Theileriidae
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Cytauxzoon, Theileria
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"Babesiosis" "Piroplasmosis"
Cycle- Tick innoculates sporozoites w/ bite; DIRECTLY INFECT HOST RBCSs; Develop into PIROPLASMA, replicate into MEROZOTES (binary fission) --> 2 or 4 daughter cells) (NO SCHZOGONY); some merozoites trsform --> Gametocytes.... Kinete invades many tissus of tick: salivary gl, + *OVARIES --> TRSOVARIAL TRSM to OFFSPRING SPOROGONY in Salivary glands --> trsm to next tick stage (nymph, adult) or next generation (trsovarial) |
Babesia
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Vector = Ixodid tick
Trms - IATROGENIC via blood or fighting +/- TRSPLACENTAL PASSIVELY ACQUIRED MATERNAL IMMUNITY Carrier State = PREMUNITION Clinical- fever, letargy, anemia, pallor, +/- icterus, +/- hemoglobinura, hepatosplenomegaly... +/- *diarrhea, constipation |
Babesia
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Canine Babesiosis
Sporadic in US ~ kennels/S-SE US/Immigratory dogs Clinical - PUPS Host age & IMR in determining severity INTRA- & EXTRA-VASCULAR RBC HEMOLYSIS - Regenerative anemia, hemoglobinemia; Hemoglobinuria +/- icterus, bilirubinemia; ***DIC if microvascular damage** Dx- blood smears, serology (*note: may be + but NOT assoc w/ clinical dz*) Tx- Imidocarb; supportive tx ---Can recover from acute stage w/ or w/o tx (asymptomatic carriers, premuition) |
B> canis, B. gibsoni
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Bovine Babesiosis
ERADICATED (cattle dipping) One-host tick: all host stages occur on same animal Mexico --> re-introduction (would need tick vector) |
B. bigemina
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Equine Babesiosis "Equine Piriplasmosis"
"BILIARY FEVER" ERADICATED (previously endemic in FL) Clinical - Peracute dz is FATAL (Rare) Dx - esposure, parasites in RBCs (smear), ELISA - more sensitive Tx- Early detection; Imidocarb; supprotive tx |
B. caballi, B. equi
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Theileriosis, East Coast Fever
PRODUCTION ANIMALS NOT US (Af, Asia, S EU) Breed differences in susceptibiltiy |
Theileria
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"East Coast Fever"
tick inoculated salivary sprozoites enter T & B LYMOHOCYTES HIGH PATHOGENICITY ***Calves MORE Rx than Adults** fvere, nasal & ocular discharge, swollen lnn, *BLOODY DIARRHEA, FECES COMMON |
Theileria parva
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Cats = Abberant/ DEAD-END Host
RAPID ONSET, HIGH FATALITY Bobcats = Reservoir host Vector = Ixodid ticks TIck Season (May-Sept) Cycle - sporozoites inoculated via tick bite --> Schizogony in MACROPHAGES throughout the body (lumen r subendothelial) - Readily found lin lungs, spleen, liver (all major organs); merozoites enter & develop in RBCs (prioplasm); tick takes up parasitized RBC w/ blood meal; differentiate into gametes, fuse to from zygote, ookinete |
Cytauxzoon felis
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Cytauxzoonosis - Domestic cats
acute lethargy, anorexia, deprssion; icterus, dehydration, high fever, decr CRT, dyspnea, usually progresses to rapdi death HEMATOLOGY: NOMOCYTIC, NORMOCHRONIC ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA, LYMPHOPENIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA (~monocytopenia + thrombocytes) **Lesions- Hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged lnn; Renal edema; Edema, congestion, petecchial hemorrhaging of Lungs; Venous dystention; Hydropericardium w/ epipericardial petechal hemorrhaging Tx - None Px- Keep cats out of wooded areas |
Cytauxzoon felis
venous dystention (mesenteric, renal, hepatic portal vv.) |
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Order Trichomonadida
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Histomonas meleagridis, gallinae; Tritrichomonas foetus
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"Histomoniasis", "Infectious Enterohepatitis"
Gallifrom hosts - TURKEY POULTS CHICKENS = ASYMPTOMATIC RESERVOIRES Breeder, Layer flocks Cycle- Exits in TROPHOZOITE STAGE Trsm: Contaminated food/water; PH (CECAL WORM, Heterakis) 1. Trophozoite localizes int he lumen of the CECA; invades cecal wall; extend to LIVER via venous blood; multiply asexually; incasive form destroys tissues Cllinical - "sick bird" - sulfur-yellow droppings; +/- "Cecal Core" Poults- HIGH MORTALITY, SUDDEN DEATHS Lesions - CECA: Enlarged, thickened wall; Caseous exudate or Cheesy core LIVER: Circular, concave (necrotic) foci; Various colors, sizes <--PATHOGNOMONIC LESIONS Dx- Liver & Cecal lesions Definitive Dx: Organisms in Cecal wall, Liver Control - SEPERATE CHICKENS & TURKEYS; Anthelmentics to rid of Hetarakis; Px-Arsenical in feed = prophylaxis |
Histomonas meleagridis
PH- protozoan survives for yrs in larvated eggs of CECAL WORM (HETERAKIS); EARTHWORMS = Hosts for Heterakis Lumen of CECA = Extracellular amoeboid w/ FLAGELLUM INTRACELLULAR (cell wall) = amoeboid W/O FLAGELLUM in Tissues Dx- "lattice curtain" effect of organisms in cecal wall, liver |
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"Trichomoniasis",
"Canker" - Pigeons, doves *NESTLINGS, OLDER BIRDS often ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIERS "Frounce" birds of prey, poultry 1. feed on infected pigeon 2.contaminated feed/water by infected pigeon Cycle: ORAL-ORAL Trsm of TROPHOZOITE Trsm: 1. adult--> young: crop milk 2. adult<-->adult: coutrship 3. Contaminated water Habitat- Epithelial surface from oral cavity to crop; sinuses; viscera Clinical- anorexic, dysphagia, dyspnea, death Lesions - Raised accumulations of caseous yellow to white exudate (PLAQUES) - Pseudomembrane in oral cavity Definitive Dx - ID TROPHOZOITES in *CROP FFLUID or LESIONS ; PCR Tx- Metronidazole (Flagyl) in water |
Trichomonas gallinae
Pleomorphic; 4 anterior flagella; 1 recurrent fagellum (undulating memrabe) virulent strains affecting viscera |
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"Bovine Trichomoniais"
Venereal dz of cattle Higher prevalence in OLDER BULLS - preputial epithelium ***SHELTER CATS*** Trsm: TROPHOZOITE; 1. MECHANICAL VIA COITUS 2. IATROGENIC: AI 3. BULL:BULL: AV Definitive Dx- secretions Culture: Keep @ LEAST 1 wk before dx "Neg" SAMPLE HANDLING CRITICAL: TRITRICHOMONADS SURVIVE ~48 HRS IF KEPT COOL, DARK - InPouch, TF Test CONTAMINATED samples - other BOVINE GIT TRICHOMONADS --> Avoid contamination of samples w/ feces!! Dx- ABI Trich Tx- NONE Control - Management - Herd clean-up; Px re-introduciton; Vacc (Trich Gaurd) Clean-up: Cows: Open, <5 mos preg & return to estrus; VACC: Helps CLEAR INFECTION but does NOT PX INFECTION --> Can Incr conception rates; Bulls: - replace VACC: DOES NOT CLEAR *OR* PX INFECTION Px - Use AI; Maintain Closed-herd; Test bulls prior to used; Seperate breeding groups; Vacc |
Tritrichomonas foetus
Pelomorphic (~oval) 3 anterior flagella; Undulating membrane w/ Posterio flagellum may have pointed posterior due to axostyle "Jerky, rolling motion" ABI Trih test: DNA probe detaches parasit (dead, alive) -- *Sensitive |
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Feline Trichomoniasis
**LARGE BOWL DIARRHEA** (COLITIS) CATS < 1 YR CAT:CAT SPREAD = DIRECT CONTACT Clincial- Colitis: Incr frequency of defecation; 'Cow-pie like stools' (+/- fresh blood, mucus); Inflammed, painful anus --> FECAL INCONTINENCE COMMON Dx - Wet mount; InPoch; PCR *NOTE: CATS EVENTUALLY RECOVER W/O TX!** |
Tritrichomonas feotus
Persstent diarrhea: 2d-3 yrs Recovery: (~9 mos, upto 2 yrs) |
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Order Eucoccidida
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Eimeria, Isospora, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis
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Apical complex
- organells at anterior end--> penetration of host (may not be present during all stages of life) |
Phylum Apicomplexa
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Coccidiosis
"Childhood dz" Ruminants, Camelids, Rabbits, Poultry Cycle-DIRECT SPORULATED OOCYST shed in feces - single SPORONT in environment sporozoite |
Eimerisa spp
*Micropyle cap 4 sporocysts w/ 2 sprozoites Obligate parasites Gut epithelium + + lacteal endothelium, kidneys, bile duct |
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Sporont --> divides x2--> 4 sporoblasts --> divides --> sporont w/ 2 sporozoites (=8 infective sporozoites)
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sporogony: sporulation
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(sporozoites invades intetinal cell) --> Schizont (moront) --> (multiple fission) --> 1st generation merozoites; Repeats
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Merogony: Asexual repro
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(merozoites enter new host cell) --> female gamete --> merozoite-macrogameteocyte-macrogamete
-->male gamete --> merozoite-microgamete Microgametes fertilize macrogamete --> zygote --> sporont w/in oocyst |
Gametogony: Sexual repro
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Host-sepcific species
Infection species-specific REINFECTION -Immunity NOT completely protective; subsequent infections less severe Clinical - Enteritis |
Eimeria
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Bovine Coccidiosis
1. Enteric 2. Winter 3. Nervous Clinical: Calves <6 mos, Weaning, Feedlots *Note: NOT FOUND IN CALVES < 3 mos Acute Enteric - Diarrhea: mucoid +/- blood; susceptibility Distal Ileum = Asexual Cecum/Colon = Sexual Mild Catarrhal to Hemorrhagic Enteritis; Necrotic, hemorrhagic, FIBRINONECROTIC MEMBRANE Winter Jan-March Path- during enteric coccidiosis some parasites enter extra-intestina cells (ie. local lnn); inquescent; winter: decr nutritional demands of host --> allows parasite to return to gut & reproduce Nervous- Complicatino of enteric cases; calves/weanlings in winter CNS signs in addition to GI SIGNS, MUSCLE TREMORS Tx- Sulfas; Supportive vare Poor prognosis HIGH MORTALITY W/ OR W/O TX Chronic - diarrhea w/ little/no blood; "parasitemic appearance"; susceptibillity Px: Prophylactic; Minimize stress; sanitation **NOTE:Eimeria SPORONT READILY ERADICATED --> Allow limited EXPOSURE to stimulate immunity w/o developing dz!!!* |
Eimeria
CNS: staggars, nystagmus, convulsions, opisthotonus, +/-bliness |
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Coccidiosis - Sm Ruminant
***DECR. WT. GAIN = Major impact Can be severe in kids, lambs, angoras; poss death |
Eimeria
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E. necatrix, E. tenella
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Cocciosis - Chickens
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Coccidiosis-Chickens
Bloody diarrhea, Affects Lower SI Lesions- Sm White Foci @ Necropsy Bloody diarrhea, Infects: Ceca Lesions - Cecal Core; anemia *Chicks 2-6 wks |
Eimeria necatrix
E. tenella |
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Hepatic Coccidiosis
Rabbits Lesions - Affects BILE DUCT Epi (Hyperplasia) anorexia, wt. loss, +/icterus |
Eimeria stiedae
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Coccidiosis - Geese
Lesions: RENAL TUBULAR Epi weak, emaciated goslings, poss deah enlarged kidneys w/ light yellowish streaks/nodules Renal tubules packe w/ urates, oocysts |
Eimeria truncata
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Dx- Coccidiosis
GI: Fecal float PM Dx -wet mount, impression smears, histo Gross - ie. cecal in chicks |
Eimeria
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Hosts
DH: carnivore - wide range IH: Herbivore - narrow range Cycle - Indirect Ingests SPORULATED OOCYSTS or SPOROCYSTS Merogony: 1. Vascular Phase - SPOROZOITES --> endothelial cells of bv; Merogony 2. Muscular Phase - MEROZOITES --> penetrate sk, cardiac, mm +/ neural tissue CAN PERSIT FOR LIFE OF HOST Clinical-IH ~asymptomatic; Multisystemic dz following location of merogony Vascular - Fever --> release of merozoites into blood: anemia; serosal hemorrhages Muscular- Myositis/carditis, loss of hair/wool/tail swtich +/- CNS, pss death Cycle-DH Ingestion of BRADYZOITES --> infect ENEROCYTES; undergo Gametogomy & produce oocyts --> SPOROCYSTS/SPORULATED OOCYSTS passed in feces *IMMEDIATELY INFECTIVE TO HOST!!!! Clinical - DH asymptomatic Dx- IH: PM Dx - SCHIZONTS in Vasculature of major vv.; CYSTS in Muscle +/- CNS -often incidental Dx- DH Fecal float Tx - IH Amprolium Px- px dogs, cats from eating raw meat, esp. carcasses px contamination of IH feed/water w/ dog,cat feces |
Sarcocystis
More pathogenic in dogs>cats |
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Isosporosis, Coccidiosis
"Cystoisospora" DOG, CAT Trsm: Fecal-oral from of SPORULATED OOCYST +/- PH PH - Rodent ingests Sporulated oocyst --> SPOROZOITES released in GIT: penetrate gut wall enter extra-intestinal cells, forms MONOZOIC CYST, sporozoite remains visible but does not develop); DH ingests rodent- SPOROZOITES released from Monozoic cyst & Initiates Merogony in IT Location: *UNSPORULATED CYSTS Shed in feces Sporogony in *Environment Merogony, Gameotogony: SI Dz - Non-to Mild pathogenicity -SEVERE ENTERITIS in Pups, Kittens mucoid to bloody diarrhea....etc **Kennels & Catteries* Dx- AM Dx: NONSPORUALTED OOCYSTS in feces PM Dx: Asexual, Sexual stages in SI - mucosal scrapings, impression smears, histo Tx- Sulfas; supportive Control- Sanitation, *Postpartum tx of queen, bitch, *Prophylatic tx of ofspring |
Isospora
2 sporocysts w/ 4 sporozoites |
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Two groups based on location:
1. Stomach 2. Intestine |
Crytosprodidium
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Neonatal Porcine Coccidiosis (NPC)
Trsm: 1. Sows- unlikely 2. Weanliings - poss 3 *Other Neonates --> problem of farrowing/early nursery facilities More prevalent during hot, humid summer Pigs 7-10 d age!!! Rarely affects pigs < 5 d Path- Parasites multiply in SI epithelial cells; Cells destroyed; VILLOUS ATROPHY --> MALABSORPTIVE DIARRHEA Clinical: Diarrhea: Sudden onset @ 6-10 d; Variable (rarely bloody): steatorrhea, dehyrdation -> PD Compenatory gain after recovery NOTE: Not all pigs in litter affected at asme time Dx: signalment; Non-responsive to antibiotics AM Dx: Fecal float (useful onlny during PP); *Composite sample PM Dx: Jejunum, Ileum: FIBRINONECROTIC MEMBRANE: Impression smear, wet mount, histo Tx - None Px- Sanitaiton Coccidiosis always present waiting for slip-up in management so an outbreak of NPC can occur |
Isospora suis
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Intestinal Cryptosporidia
Cattle Primarily YOUNG Calves (Older likely C. bovis) **Probably the MAIN ZOONITIC sp/subsp affecting PEOPLE! (others: species-specific) |
Cryptosporidium parvum genotype II
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Develop in Enterrocyte Microvillous border
Merogony, Gametogony, Sporogony all occur w/in a single host! -> Eventually eliminated by the IMS if immunocompetant host Sporogony w/in hosts: OOCYSTS IMMEDIATELY INFECTIVE to new host Clinical - Calves Diarrhea: watery to pasty; can develop Metabolic Acidosis; susceptibility Enterc Cryptosporidium - Calves signs can persist for several weeks: Auto- or re-infecitons Uncomplicated crypto usually self-limiting: Recover as local immunity develops Other animals: Horse, Sm Rum- NEONATAL DIARRHEA; Older animal asyptomatic Swine: Occas Mild Enteritis, *Weanlings Cats, Dogs- UNCOMMON cause of Enteritis Humans- GI flulike symptoms in host if immunocompetent; Protracted, poss death if not immunocompetent AM Dx: Fecal float; stained fecal smear (not as sensitive - tend to collapse) Acid Fast, Carbol fuschin, Giemsa/Wright stain; IFA, ELISA PM Dx: SI: Impression smears, histo NOTE: Orgaisms rapidly sloughed along w/ IT mucosa --> promplty collect & preserve tissues Tx- None; supportive Px, control- Sanitation; Prophylatic drugs; Autogenous vacc; Oocysts survival in environment destroyed by RAPID FREEZE-THAW; or EXPOSUREto >65oC FOR > 30 MIN Can surive in 4oC fluid for several mos --> recreational wter outbreaks Water purification systems often dont remove Cryptosporidium oocysts |
C. parvum
Sporulated oocyst has 4 naked sporozoites Tichk-sheled oocyts passed in feces Thin-shelled = *Autoinfective |
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Equine Protozoal Myoencephalitis
DH: - narrow highly virulent Horses: Aberrant, DEAD-END Hosts Risk Factors: Opossums, Woods, Health Stressors, Season (Fall), Horse pop, Rodents, Human pop Clinical -usually only CNS signs Asymmetric spinal cord .esions/gisngs --> ataxia, weakness, spasticity, dysmetria, muscle atrophy, proprioceptive defects Most often: Progressive asseymetric ataxia & focal muscle atrophy Variability of signs due to spread of parasite via blood EPM should Lesions - usually no gross or focal spoft discoloration areas of spinal cord; mutlifocal Histo: may find parasite in various cell types of CNS & Inflammation Dx- W blot of CSF for Abs; Immunoblot assay on CSF False - occur early in course False + (contamination CSF w/ blood, cross-rxn with other sarcocystis spp, Ab response of EPM vacc) Tx- anti-protozoals Prognosis-Tx success rate >60-75%, <30% return to original fxn RELAPSES can occur mos after tx if drug is stopped Px, control- keep out opossums, remove carcasses of IH, prophylaxis f antiprotozoals, monitor for early signs of EPM Px, control |
Sarcocystis neurona
Signs due to asexual multiplication in CNS & inflammatory response; variy w/ locaiton & severity; mimic other CNS sings |
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Neosporosis
DH: Canids IH: Cattle + canids, goats, sheep, horses, deer, others Trsm: 1. Horizontal - ingestion of SPORULATED OOCYSTS Ingetions of tissues cysts w/ BRADYZOITES 2. Vertical (CONGENTIAL)- TRANSPLACENTAL transfer of TACHYZOITE from dam --> offspring: *Cattle, dogs Cycle- Dog -Intesinal merogony, gamteogony - enteric cycle ~ Toxo in cats NONSPORULATED OOCYSTS shed in feces; Extra-intestinal asexual repro via TACHYZOITES; TRANSPLACENTAL Cycle-IH Extra-intestinal occurs in all hosts SPOROZOITES or BRADYZOITES transform to TACHYZOITES & multiply rapidly; Infect cell types; SKIN liver, cns, MUSCLE, kidneys; Tachyzoites cause clinical signs; spread infection: tachyzoite --> bradyzoite - occurs as a result of host IMR; |
Neospora caninum
thicker cyst compared to toxo |
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Bovine Neosporosis
Cattle Major cause of ABORTION WW Variable outcome: depends on time of gestation that infection occurs - fetal death & mummificaiton Abortions ~ 5-6 mos; Stillbirths *Birth of live calf: normal calf w/ congenital infection: CNS or muscular problems, calf often dies shortlly after birth Clinical Cow- asymptomatic but sero+: vertical trsm related to "reactivation" of parasite cysts during pregnancy; Conversion of BRADYZOITES --> TACHYZOITES; Transplcentral trsm of tachyzoits ***SUBSEQUNT PREGNANCIES OFEN AFFECTED!!!*** - typically endemic Dx - clinical; non-suppurative necrosis in fetal brain, muscle, or placenta; Immunohistochem; Serology: many cows sero+ w/o infection Other hosts- 88% Deer in IA Ab+ Goats, horses: aboritons ~ cattle Camelids: serologic evidence of infection Px, control - Bovine Endemic problem - dont re-breed bitch of cow that has congenitally infected offspring; don't use female offspring of cows that have affected calves as replacements ABORTION OUTBREAK: More likely due to trsm via contamination of FEED w/ OOCYSTS from CANID FECES |
Nospora caninum
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Canine Neosporosis
*Pups Result of Congenitl infection - affects multiple pups/litter Birtch asymptomactic ***SUCCESSIVE LITTERS FROM SAME BITCH CAN BE INFECTED***<--DDx Toxo Clinical- begin as leg weakness, ataxia; progress to paralysis; hind legs affected often & most severely: develop rigid hyperextension; UMN paralysis & myositis --> contracture of leg (firbous CT) & joint fixation OLDER DOGS: Related to parasite prsence in muscle: mysoitis, myocarditis, skin, cns; clinical dz less common in adults & more variable --- More likely to present w/ SKIN LESIONS Dx- Hx, Clinical, Serology: IFA; Demonstrate parasite in tissues; Oocytes in feces **NOTE: Dogs w/ CLINICAL Neosporosis ARE NOT SHEDDING OOCYSTS Tx- Clinicaldamycin, Puyremethamine + slfadizine TX STOPS PROGESSION BUT WONT REVERE HYPEREXT! |
Neospora caninum
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Vector, DH: Hematophagous invertebrates
May infecte RBCs most spp that mammals infect LEUKOCYTES Vertebrates become infected by ingesting an infected invertebrate |
Hepatozoon spp
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American Canine Hepatozoonosis (ACH)
Vector: Gulf Coast Tick IH can be Canid Geographic dist parallels aht of tick Cycle- Vector, DH: Zygote, Sprogony IH: Merogony (in tissues) & Early gametogony in monocytes/mos NATURALLY INFECT CYOTES IN TX, OK Cycle- Vector Tick takes up GAMONTS in monocytes/mos w/ blood SPORULATED OOCYSTS occur in HEMOCOEL Cycle- IH Infected by ingestion of tick containing oocysts; SPOROZOITE infects mos that may reside in any tissue: muscle, cardac; develop ONION SKIN CYSTS; MEROGONY w/in the CYST btw Muscles; GAMONTS develop in Monocytes Clinical- Fever: due to result of MEROZOITE release--> intense local inflammatory systemic reaction; Myalgia; Myasthenia; Painful due to: Mysotiis & **Periostial bone proliferation; Wasting Dx- Hx, clinical RADIOGRAPHS: PERIOSTEAL EXTOSIS OF BONES muscle biops: meronis & myositis; smear to detect gamonts; PCR/ELISA/IFA Tx- Combo + NSAIDS for fever, pain; Remission of signs w/in 2 wks of tx: Relapsed in 6 mos meronts not clering from muscle --> + Decoquinate prolonged survival but meronts till present ***TX MAY RESOLVE OVERT DZ BUT NOT CURATIVE!!!** |
Hepatozoon americanum
ONION SKIN CYSTSparasite in host cell surrounded by layers of mucopolysacch |
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Toxoplasmosis
DH: Felid IH: Several mammals, birds ~30% humans have T. gondii infection Cycle 1. Ingestion of SPORUALTED OOCYSTS from cat feces 2. Infection of BRADYZOITES from tissues cysts or TACHYZOITES 3. TRANSPLACENTALLY by TACHYZOITES Cycle- DH Merogony occurs in GI epithelium; *Gametogony occurs ONLY in FELINE GIT--> Only cat shed oocysts in their feces --> UNSPORULATED; sporulate over 15 d Extraintestinal replication as TACHYZOITE in almost any body cell Cycle- IH ONLY EXTRA-INTESTINAL REPLICAITON as TACHYZOITES; Congenital infciton varies w/ spp Tachyzoites --> Bradyzoites: Inflenced by host IMR Bradyzoites in cysts continue to multiply slowly: CYSTS PERSIST FOR LIFE of host; cyst wall can breadkdown & realease bradyzoites; TACHYZOITES usually ELIMINATED by host IMR; cancontinue to multiple & cause clinical signs in immunocompromised host Clinical: varies w/ host species Felids: asymptomatic; Kittens infected postweaning: maternal Ab levels decline, Bgin hunting --> ingest IH; cats usually shed oocysts only once in a lifetime following primary infection; tchyzoites cause necrosis & inflammation of multiple organ systems; EYES,lung, liver, git, heart, cns; Congenital infection: Can be fatal in kittens, Queen asymptomatic, uuncommon Clinical- Dogs- UNCOMMON - Young, immunocompromised Clinical- Sm Ruminans CONGENITAL INFECTIONS can result if infeciton during gestation; *Most common in ewes during first gestation Adults generally asymptomatic - slight fecer; ooutcome varies w/ stage of gestation & severity of infection: early embryonic deat, fetal death & abortion: placental necrosis confined to COTYLEDONS =Sm WHITE MINERALIZED PLAQUES, CHALKY WHITE NODULES; still birth; birth of weak offspring; birh of congenitally infected normal offspring Clinica; - Swine NEONATAL INFECTION acquired AFTE BIRTH vs congenital: generalized weakness, anorexia, depresison, fever, resp Clinical- Cattle, Horses, Camelids - Rx Clinical dz RARE Clinical - Humans Immunocompetant adults: flu-like syndrome; fever, hadache, weakness, muscle aches, lymphadenopathy CONGENITAL INFECTIONS <-ZOONOSIS Immunocompromised- *Encephaltiis (brain cysts!??) Takes at least 24 hrs for oocysts to become infective --> change litter box every 48 hrs Dx- Felids: Fecal float Detect extra-intestinal tachyzoites or cysts w/ bradyzoites: Serology? = IgM response &/or rising titer Sm Ruminants- Reproductive loss, gross lesions, *Anti-toxoplasma ABS n FETAL FLUIDS: False - = poss early infection; detectin Ab in dam serum = little value; Histopat of FETAL BRAIN +/ Placenta Tx- Expensive! --> SA only Pyremethamine Clindamycin: Active agst TACHYZOITES; supportive Px, control- gloves w/ raw meat (lamb, chevron, pork); avoid unpasteurized goat milk Px- Humans- litter boxes, boil oocysts wash hands, gloves when gardening Px- cats - px hunting - keep indoores; feed commercial cat food - now raw meat; litter box Px Sm Rum- decr exposure of gestating ewes to oocysts --> keep cats out of feed sources; keep neutered cats; minimize hunting --> commercial diet; expose ewe lambs to oocyts prior to pregnancy; keep older ewes; FEED MONENSIN during GESTATION |
Toxoplasma gondii
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Sarcodina
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Amoeboids
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Mastigophora
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Flagellates
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ookinete
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Order Haemosporidia, Piroplasma
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hemocoel (tick)
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Order Hepatozoidae, Plasmodium
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Sporocysts/Sproualted oocysts IMMEDIATELY INFECTIVE
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Giardia
Cryptosporidia (parvum) Sarcocystis |
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sporogony within host
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C. parvum
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Environmental sporulation
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Eimeria, Isospora
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Lack Cyst stage (only trophozoites)
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Kinetoplasta, Trichomonadidia
***Spironucleus also Adeleorina (Hepatozoidae), Hemosporoida, Prioplasmids |
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"Assemblages"
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Giardia
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Monozoic cyst
(formed by sporozoite in PH) |
Isospora
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Megaloshizonts
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Leucocytozoon
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Premunition; Passive immunity
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Babesia
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Intra- & Extra-vascular hemolysis
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Babesia
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LACKS SCHIZOGONY;
sprozoites innoculated; infect RBCs; develop into piroplasma, replicate into merzoites |
Babesia
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can be salivary oor *trans-ovarial in tick
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Babesia
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Periosteal extosis of bones;
Onion skin cysts |
Hepatozoon ameicanum
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Infect primarily: Skin, Muscle
Form cysts primarily in: CNS, Retina |
Neospora caninum
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Vascular Phase & Muscular Phase
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Sarcocystis
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Micropyle
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Eimeria
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Pig: Fibrinonecrotic membrane
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Isospora suis
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Chicks: 2-6 wks; Cecal core
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Eimeria tenella
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Chickens: Lower SI: Small white foci
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Eimeria necatrix
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"Childhood dz"
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Coccidiosis
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Cats: Large Bowel Diarrhea
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Tritrichomonas foetus
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Turkey poults (3-12 wks): "Infectious Enterohepatitis"
= Liver & Cecal lesions |
Histomonas meleagridis
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Turkey poults: "Infectious Cararrhal Enteritis
SI nodular ballooning, Excess fluid *Duodenum |
Spironucleus meleagridis
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"Purple Burps", "Beaver Fever"
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Giardia
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Most common *Human intestinal parasite
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Giardia
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ventral sucking disk on trophozoites
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Giardia
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Urticarial Cutaneous Plaques
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Trypanosoma equiperdum
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"Surra"
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Trypanosoma evansi
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VSG
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Trypanosoma salivaria (pathogens)
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Dilated Cardiomyopathy
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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"Chagas Dz"
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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Primary Amoebic Memingioencephalitis (PAM)
Hemorrahgic Necrotizing ME FATAL |
Naegleri fowleri
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Trophozoites enter NASAL CAVITY
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Naegleri fowler
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Swine: Trophozoites in COLON Lumen
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Balantidium coli (suis)
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Tomites
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Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
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"bulls eye"
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Acanthamoeba
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Dogs: Pneumonia & ME
Chronic Granulomatous Inflammation |
Acanthamoeba
(Respiratory & CNS) Epizootic in Greyhounds |
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Humans: Chronic Keratits & Granulomatous Amoebic Encephaltiits (GAE)
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Acanthamoeba
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Reptilian Amoebiasis
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Entamoeba invades
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Ulcerations in GIT
Possible peritonitis Amoebic abscesssis |
Entamoeba histolytica
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"cartwheel"
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Primarily transmitted from humans to pets
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Entamoeba histiolytica
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Increased IgM, IgG --> Circulating Immune Complexes contributing to:
GN, vascultiis, polyarthritis nodular, ulcerated lesions w/ secondary infecton |
Lishmainia
Foxhounds |
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VH, DH: Zygote Sporogony
IH: Merogony, Gametogony |
Hepatozoon americanum
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Normochornic, Noromcytic anemia
+ Leukopenia, Lymphocytopenia, Thrombocytopenia |
Cytauxzoon
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Chickens asymptomatic carriers
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Histomonas meleagridis
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Kennels, Catteries
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Giarida, Isospora
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Severe Enteritis in Pups, Kittens
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Isospora
Prophyxlaxisl; Post-partum tx of dam |
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Metacyclics
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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