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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oxygen
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Gas necessary for engery production
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Carbon dioxide
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Waste product of the body's metabolism
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Respiration
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The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment
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Upper Airway Components
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1. Nasal cavity
2. Oral cavity 3. Pharynx |
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Septum
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Cartilage that separates the right and left nasal cavities
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Sinus
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Air cavity that conducts fluids from the eustachian tubes and tear ducts to and from the nasopharynx
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Eustachian tube
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A tube that connects the ear with the nasal cavity
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Nasolacrimal ducts
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Tubular vessels that drain tears and debris from the eyes into the nasal cavity
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Nare
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Nostril
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Mucous membrane
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Lining in body cavities that handle air transport; usually contains small, mucus secreting cells
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Mucus
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Slippery secretion that lubricates and protects airway surfaces
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Pharynx
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A muscular tube that extends vertically from the back of the soft palate to the superior aspect of the esophagus
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Regions of teh Pharynx
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1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharyns 3. Laryngopharynx |
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Gag reflex
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Mechanism that stimulates retching, or striving to vomit, when the soft palate is touched
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Vallecula
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Depression between the epiglottis and the base of the tounge
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Intubation
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Passing a tube into a body opening
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Larynx
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The complex structure that joins the pharynx with the trachea
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Glottis
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Liplike opening between the vocal cords
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Cricoid pressure
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Pressure applied in a posterior direction to the anterior cricoid cartilage; occludes the esophagus
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Aspiration
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Inhaling foreign material such as vomitus into the lungs
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Cricothyroid membrane
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Membrane between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages of the larynx
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Lower Airway Components
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1. Trachea
2. Bronchi 3. Alveoli 4. Lung parenchyma 5. Pleura |
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Trachea
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10-12 cm long tube that connects the larynx to the mainstem bronchi
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Bronchi
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Tubes from the trachea into the lungs
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Alveoli
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Microscopic air sacs where most oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchanges take place
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Atelectasis
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Alveolar collapse
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Parenchyma
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Principle or essential parts of an organ
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Pleura
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Membranous connective tisse covering the lungs
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Ventilation
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The mechanical process that moves air into and out of of the lungs
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Partial pressure
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The pressure exerted by each component of a gas mixture
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PA
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Alveolar partial pressure
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Pa
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Areterial partial pressure
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Diffusion
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Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Hypoventilation
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Reduction in breathing rate and depth
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Pneumothorax
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Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity
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Hemothorax
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Accumulation in the pleural cavity of blood or fluid containing blood
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Pulmonary embolism
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Blood clot that travels to the pulmonary circulation and hinders oxygenation of the blood
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FiO2
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Concentration of oxygen in inspired air
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Hypercarbia
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Excessive pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
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Respiratory rate
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Mumber of times of person breathes in 1 minute
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Hypoxemia
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Decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
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Hypoxic drive
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Mechanism that increases respiratory stimulation when PaO2 falls and inhibits respiratory stimulation when PaO2 climbs
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Total lung capacity
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Maximum lung capacity
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Tidal volume
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Average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle
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Minute volume
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Amount of gas inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute
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Upper airway obstruction
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An interference with air movement through the upper airway
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Causes of Airway Obstruction
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1. Tounge 2. Foreign bodies 3. Trauma 4. Laryngeal spasm and edema 5. Aspiration
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The most common airway obstruction
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The tounge
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Extubation
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Removing a tube from a body opening
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ABC's
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Airway, breathing, and circulation
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Paradoxical breathing
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Asymmetrical chest wall movement that lessens respiratory efficiency
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Flail chest
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Defect in the chest wall that allows a segment to move freely, causing paradoxical chest wall motion
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Cyanosis
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Bluish discoloration
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Dyspnea
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An abmormality of breathing rate, pattern, or effort
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Hypoxia
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Oxygen deficiency
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Anoxia
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The absence or near-absence of oxygen
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Pulsus Paradoxus
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Drop in blood pressure of greater than 10 torr during inspiration
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Compliance
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The stiffness or flexibility of the lung tissue
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Pulse oximetry
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A measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the peripheral tissues
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Oxygen saturation percentage (SpO2)
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The saturation of arterial blood with oxygen as measured by pulse oximetry expressed as a percentage
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Capnography
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A recording or display of the measurement of exhaled carbon dioxide concentrations
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Capnography Symptom
Sudden drop of ETCO2 to zero |
Capnography Possilbe Cause
Esophageal intubation - Ventilator disconnection or defect in ventilator - Defect in CO2 analyzer |
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Capnography Symptom
Sudden decrease of ETCO2 (Not to zero) |
Capnography Possilbe Cause
Leake in ventilator system; obstruction - Partial disconnect in ventilator circuit - Partial airway obstruction (secretions) |
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Capnography Symptom
Exponential decrease of ETCO2 |
Capnography Possilbe Cause
Pulmonary Embolism - Cardiac arrest - Hypotension (sudden) - Severe hyperventilation |
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Capnography Symptom
Change in CO2 baseline |
Capnography Possilbe Cause
Calibration error - Water droplet in analyzer - Mechanical failure (ventilator) |
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Capnography Symptom
Sudden increase in ETCO2 |
Capnography Possilbe Cause
Accessing an area of lung previously obstructed - Rlease of tourniquet - Sudden increase in blood pressure |
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Capnography Symptom
Gradual lowering of ETCO2 |
Capnography Possilbe Cause
Hypovolemia - Decreasing cardiac output - Decreasing body temperature; hypothermia; drop in metabolism |
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Capnography Symptom
Gradual increase in ETCO2 |
Capnography Possilbe Cause
Rising body temperature - Hypoventilation - CO2 absorption - Partial airway obstruction (foreign body); reactive airway disease |
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Nasopharyngeal airway
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Uncuffed tube that follows the natural curvature of the nasopharynx, passing through the nose and extending from the nostril to the posterior pharynx
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French
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Unit of measurement approximately equal to one-third millimeter
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Oropharyngeal airway
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Semicircular device that follows the palate's curvature
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Laryngoscope
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Instrument for lifting the tounge and epiglottis in order to see the vocal cords
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Endotracheal tube (ETT)
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Tube that is passed into the trachea to protect and maintain the airway and to permit medication administration and deep suctioning
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Stylet
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Plastic-covered metal wire used to bend the ETT into a J or hockey-stick shape
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Magill forceps
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Scissor-style clamps with circular tips
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Endotracheal Intubation Indicators
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Respiratory or cardiac arrest - Unconsciousness or obtusion without gag reflex - Risk of aspiration - Obstruction due to foreign bodies, trauma, burns, or anaphylaxis - Respiratory extremis due to disease - Pneumothorax, Hemothorax, or Hemopneumothorax with respiratory difficulty
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Complications of Endotracheal Intubation
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Equipment malfunction - Teeth breakage and soft-tissue lacerations - Hypoxia - Esophageal intubation - Endobronchial intubation - Tension pneumothorax
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Insufflate
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To blow into
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Common Paralytic Agents
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Succinylcholine - Vecuronium - Atracurium - Pancuronium
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Apnea
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Temporary stop in breathing
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Nasotracheal route
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Through the nose and into the trachea
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Needle cricothyrotomy
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Surgical airway technique that inserts a 14-gauge needle into the trachea at the cricothyroid membrane
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Open cricothyrotomy
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Surgical airway technique that places an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube directly into the trachea through a surgical incision at the cricothyroid membrane
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Stenosis
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Narrowing or constriction
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Barotrauma
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Injury caused by pressure within an enclosed space
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Difficult airway
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A clinical situation in which a conventionally trained paramedic experiences difficulty with mask ventilation and/or endotracheal intubation
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Mallampati classification system
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Four "class" level airway assessment for use in conscious patients, defined by the ability to visualize all, part, or none of the tonsillar pillars and/or the uvula
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Cormack and LeHane classification system
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Four "grade" level airway assessment for use in unconscious patients, defined by the ability to visualize all, part, or none of the glottic opening and/or the vocal cords
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POGO classification system
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Airway assessment used by some EMS personnel to rate the percentage of glottic opening (POGO) one can visualize from "0" percent (none) to "100" percent (all)
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Stoma
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Opening in the anterior neck that connects the trachea with ambient air
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Suction
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To remove with a vacuum-type device
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High-pressure regulator
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Regulator used to transfer oxygen at high pressures from tank to tank
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Therapy regulator
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Pressure regulator used for delivering oxygen to patients
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Nasal cannula
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Catheter placed at the nares
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Venturi mask
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High-flow face mask that uses a Venturi system to deliver relatively precise oxygen concentrations
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Ventilation Methods
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Mouth to mouth - Mouth to nose - Mouth to mask - Bag valve device - Demand vave device - Automatic transport ventilator
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Bag-valve mask
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Ventilation device consisting of a self-inflating bag with two one-way valves and a transparent plastic face mask
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Demand valve device
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A ventilation device that is manually operated by a push button or lever
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