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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Drug
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Chemical used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease
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Pharmacology
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The study of drugs and their interactions with the body
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Types of Drug Names
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1. Chemical name
2. Generic name 3. Official name 4. Brand name |
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Drug Classification
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The broad group to which the drug belongs.
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Mechanism of Action
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The way in which a drug causes its effects; its pharmacodynamics
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Indications
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Conditions that make administration of the drug appropriate (as approved by the Food and Drug Administration)
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Pharmacokinetics
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How the drug is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated; typically includes onset and duration of action
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Side Effects/Adverse Reactions
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The drug's untoward or undesired effects
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Routes of Administration
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How the drug is given
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Contraindications
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Conditions that make it inappropriate to give the drug. Unlike when the drug is simply not indicated, a contraindication means that a predictable harmful event will occur if the drug is given in this situation
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Dosage
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The amount of the drug that should be given
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How Supplied
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This typically includes the common concentrations of the available preparations; many drugs come in different concentrations
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Special Considerations
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How the drug may affect pediatric, geriatric, or pregnant patiens
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Assay
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Test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory
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Bioequivalence
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Relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs
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Bioassay
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Test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model
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Phase 1 of human drug studies
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Testing to determine the drug's pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and safe dose in humans. Limited populations of healthy human volunteers.
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Phase 2 of human drug studies
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Primary purpose to find the therapeutic drug level and watch carefully for toxic and side effects
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Phase 3 of human drug studies
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Primary purpose to refine the usual therapeutic dose and to collect relevant data on side effects. Usually double blind
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Phase 4 of human drug studies
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Postmarketing analysis during conditional approval. FDA requires that drug makers monitor performance to discontinue if perviously unknown effects become apparent.
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Six rights of medication administration
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1. Right Medication
2. Right Dose 3. Right Time 4. Right route 5. Right patient 6. Right documentation |
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Dose packaging
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Medication packages contain a single dose for a single patient
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Teratogenic drug
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Medication that may deform or kill the fetus
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Free drug availability
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Proportion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects
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Pharmacokinetics
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How a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized (Biotransformed), and excreted; how drugs are transported into and out of the body
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Pharmacodynamics
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How a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects
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Active Transport
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Requires the use of energy to move a substance
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Carrier-mediated diffusion or facilitated diffusion
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Process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane
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Passive transport
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Movement of a substance without the use of energy
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Diffusion
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Movement of solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Osmosis
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Movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
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Filtration
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Movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
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Pharmacokinetic Processes
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1. Absorption
2. Distribution 3. Biotransformation 4. Elimination |
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Ionize
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To become electrically charged or polar
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Bioavailability
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Amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue
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Blood-brain barrier
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Tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in the cintral nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein-bound highly lipid-soluble drugs can pass
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Placental barrier
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Biochemical barrier at teh maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules
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Metabolism
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The body's breaking down chemicals into different chemicals
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Biotransformation
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Speical name given to the metabolism of drugs
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Prodrug (parent drug)
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Medication that is not active when administered, but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites
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First-pass effect
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The liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation
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Oxidation
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The loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge (or lessens the negative charge) on the molecule
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Hydrolysis
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The breakage of a chemical bond by adding water, or by incorporating a hydroxyl (OH-) group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion (H+) into the other
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Enteral route
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Delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract
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Parenteral route
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Delivery of a medication outside of the gastrointenstinal tract, typically using needles to inject medications into the circulatory system or tissues
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Types of drug actions
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1. Binding to a receptor site
2. Changing the physical properties of cells 3. Chemically combining with other chemicals 4. Altering a normal metabolic pathway |
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Receptor
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Specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect
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Affinity
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Force of attraction between a drug and a receptor
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Efficacy
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A drug's ability to cause the expected response
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Second messenger
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Chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually cause a drug's desired effect
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Down-regulation
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Binding of a drug or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease
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Up-regulation
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A drug causes the formation of more receptors than normal
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Agonist
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Drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response
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Antagonist
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Drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause it it initiate the expected response
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Agonist-Antagonist (partial agonist)
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Drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others
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Competitive antagonism
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One drug binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor
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Noncompetitive antagonism
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The binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding
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Irreversible antagonism
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A competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site
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Side effect
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Unintended response to a drug
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Allergic Drug Reaction
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Also known as hypersensitivity this effect occurs as the drug is antigenic and activates the immune system, causing effects that are normally more profound than seen in the general population
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Drug Idiosyncrasy
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A drug effect that is unique to the individual: different than seen or expected in the population in general
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Drug Tolerance
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Decreased response to the same amount of drug after repeated administrations
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Drug Cross-Tolerance
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Tolerance for a drug that develops after administration of a different drug.
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Drug Tachyphylaxis
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Rapidly occurring tolerance to a drug. May occur after a single dose.
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Cumulative drug effect
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Increased effectiveness when a drug is given in several doses
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Blood-brain barrier
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Tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in the cintral nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein-bound highly lipid-soluble drugs can pass
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Placental barrier
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Biochemical barrier at teh maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules
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Metabolism
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The body's breaking down chemicals into different chemicals
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Biotransformation
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Speical name given to the metabolism of drugs
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Prodrug (parent drug)
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Medication that is not active when administered, but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites
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First-pass effect
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The liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation
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Oxidation
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The loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge (or lessens the negative charge) on the molecule
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Hydrolysis
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The breakage of a chemical bond by adding water, or by incorporating a hydroxyl (OH-) group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion (H+) into the other
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Enteral route
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Delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract
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Parenteral route
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Delivery of a medication outside of the gastrointenstinal tract, typically using needles to inject medications into the circulatory system or tissues
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Receptor
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Specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect
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Affinity
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Force of attraction between a drug and a receptor
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Efficacy
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A drug's ability to cause the expected response
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Second Messenger
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Chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually cause a drug's desired effect
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Down-Regulation
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Binding of a drug or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease
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Up-Regulation
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A drug causes the formation of more receptors than normal
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Agonist
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Drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response
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Antagonist
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Drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response
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Agonist-Antagonist (partial agonist)
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Drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others
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Competititve Antagonism
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One drug binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor
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Noncompetitive Antagonism
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The binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding
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Irreversible antagonism
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A competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site
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Side effect
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Unintended response to a drug
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Drug Allergic reaction
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Also known as hypersensitivity; this effect occurs as the drug is antigenic and activates the immune system, causing effects that are normally more profound than seen in the general population
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Drug Idiosyncrasy
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A drug effect that is unique to the individual; different than seen or expected in the population in general
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Drug Cross-tolerance
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Tolerance for a drug that develops after administration of a different drug.
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Drug Tachyphylaxis
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Rapidly occurring tolerance to a drug. May occur after a single dose. Typically occurs with sympathetic agonist.
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Drug Cumulative Effect
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Increased effectiveness when a drug is given in several doses
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Drug Dependence
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The patient becomes accoustomed to the drug's presence in his body and will suffer from withdrawal symptoms upon its absence
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Drug Interaction
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The effects of on drug alter ther response to another
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Drug Antagonism
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The effects of one drug block the response to another drug
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Drug Summation
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Also known as an additive effect. Two drugs that both have the same effect are given together, analogous to 1+1=2
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Drug Synergism
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Two drugs that both have teh same effect are given together and produce a response greater than the sum of their individual responses, analogous to 1+1=3
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Drug Potentiation
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One drug enhances the effect of another.
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Drug Interference
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The direct biochemical interaction between two drugs; one drug affects the pharmacology of another drug
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Drug-response relationship
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Correlation of different amounts of a drug to clinical response
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Plasma-level profile
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Describes the lengths of onset, duration, and termination of action, as well as the drug's minimum effective concentration and toxic levels
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Onset of action
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The time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration
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Minimum effective concentration
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Minimul level of drug needed to cause a given effect
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Duration of action
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Length of time the amount of drug remains above its minimum effective concentration
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Onset of action
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The time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration
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Minimum effective concentration
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Minimum level of drug needd to cause a given effect
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Duration of action
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Length of time the amount of drug remains above its minimum effective concentration
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Termination of action
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Time from when the drug's level drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body
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Therapeutic index
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Ratio of a drug's lethal dose for 50 percent of the population to its effective dose for 50 percent of the population
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Biologic half-life
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Time the body takes to clear one half of a drug
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Factors Affecting Drug-Response Relationship
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Age - Body mass - Sex - Environment - Time of administration - Pathology - Genetics - Psychology
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Prototype
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Drug that best demonstrates the class's common properties and illustrates its particular characteristics
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Analgesic
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Medication that relieves the sensation of pain
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Analgesia
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The absence of the sensation of pain
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Anesthesia
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The absence of all sensations
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Adjunct medication
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Agent that enhances the effects of other drugs
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Anesthetic
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Medication that induces a loss of sensation to touch or pain
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Neuroleptanesthesia
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Anethesia that combines decreased sensation of pain with amnesia while the patient remains conscious
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Sedation
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State of decreased anxiety and inhibitions
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Hypnosis
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Instigation of sleep
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Psychotherapeutic medication
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Drug used to treat mental dysfunction
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Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS
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Common side effects of antipsychotic medications, including muscle tremors and parkinsonism-like effects
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Neuroleptic
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Antipsychotic (literally, affecting the nerves)
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Major Classes of Antipsychotic meds
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1. Phenothiazines
2. Butyrophenones 3. Atypicals |
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Major Classes of Antidepressant Meds
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1. TCAs (Tricyclic)
2. SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) 3. MAOIs (Monoamine Neurotransmitters) |
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Autonomic Nervous system
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The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions
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Autonomic ganglia
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Groups of autonomic nerve cells located outside the central nervous system
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Preganglionic nerves
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Nerve fibers that extend from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia
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Postganglionic nerves
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Nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissue
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Synapse
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Space between nerve cells
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Neuroeffector junction
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Specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it innervates
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse
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Neuron
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Nerve cell
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Cholinergic
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Pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
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Adrenergic
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Pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
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Cranial nerves carryin Parasympathetic fibers
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Nerves III - VII - IX - X
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Parasympathomimetic (or anticholinergic)
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Drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous system
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Direct acting Cholinergics (Cholinergic esters)
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Drugs that stimulate the effects of ACh by directly binding with the cholinergic receptors.
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Indirect acting Cholinergics
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Drugs that affect acetylcholinesterase By inhibiting its actions in degrading acetylcholine they prolong the cholinergic response.
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Sympathomimetic (Adrenergic drugs)
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Drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the sympathetic nervous system
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Sympatholytic (Antiadrenergic drugs)
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Drug or other substance that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system
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Antidysrhythmic
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Drug used to treat and prevent abnormal cardiac rhythms
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Antihypertensive
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Drug used to treat hypertension
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Diuretic
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Drug used to reduce circulating blood volume by increasing the amount of urine
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Hemostasis
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The stoppage of bleeding
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Antiplatelet
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Drug that decreases the formation of platelet plugs
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Anticoagulant
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Drug that interrupts the clotting cascade
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Fibrinolytic (Thrombolytic)
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Drug that acts directly on thrombi to break them down
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Anithyperlipidemic
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Drug used to treat high blood cholesterol
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Leukotriene
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Mediator released from mast cells upon contact with allergens
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Antihistamine
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Medication that arrests the effects of histamine by blocking its receptors
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Histamine
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An endogenous substance that affects a wide variety of organ systems
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Antitussive
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Meddication that suppresses the stimulus to cough in the central nervous system
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Expectorant
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Medication intended to increase the productivity of cough
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Mucolytic
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Medication intended to make mucus more watery
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Antacid
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Alkalotic compound used to increase the gastric environment's pH
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Catergories of Laxatives
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1. Bulk-forming
2. Stimulant 3. Osmotic 4. Surfactant |
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Surfactant
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Substance that decreases surface tension
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Antiemetic
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Medication used to prevent vomiting
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Insulin
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Substance that decreases blood glucose level
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Glucagon
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Substance that increases blood glucose level
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Antineoplastic agent
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Drug used to treat cancer
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Antibiotic
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Agent that kills or decreases the growth of bacteria
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Pathogen
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Disease-causing organism
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Immunity
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The body's ability to respond to the presence of a pathogen
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Serum
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Solution containing whole antibodies for a specific-pathogen
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Vaccine
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Solution containing a modified pathogen that does not actually cause disease but still stimulates the development of antibodies specific to it
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