Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Incidences of muscoskeletal injury are _____ in frequency in trauma.
|
Second
|
|
|
Up to 80% of patients who suffer multisystem trauma experience significant what?
|
Musculoskeletal Injuries
|
|
|
Function of the Skeleton
|
Gives the body structure.
Protects vital organs. Allows for effiecient movement. Stores salts and other materials for metabolism, Produces red blood cells. |
|
|
How much of the total bone mass is replaced each year by the remodeling process?
|
Some 20%
|
|
|
Haversian Canals
|
Small perforations of the long bones through which the blood vessels and nerves travel through the bone itself.
|
|
|
Osteocyte
|
Bone-forming cell found in the bone matrix that helps maintain the bone.
|
|
|
Osteoblast
|
Cell that helps in the creation of new bone during growth and bone repair.
|
|
|
Osteoclast
|
Bone cell that absorbs and removes excess bone.
|
|
|
Perforating Canals
|
Structures through which blood vessels enter and exit the bone shaft.
|
|
|
Devascularization
|
Loss of blood vessels from a body part.
|
|
|
Diaphysis
|
Hollow shaft found in long bones.
|
|
|
Epiphysis
|
End of a long bone, including the epiphyseal, or growth plate, and supporting structures underlying the joint.
|
|
|
Cancellous
|
Having a lattice-work structure, as in the spongy tissue of a bone.
|
|
|
Articular Surface
|
Surface of a bone that moves against another bone.
|
|
|
Metaphysis
|
Growth zone of a bone, active during the development stages of youth. It is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.
|
|
|
Epiphyseal Plate
|
Area of the metaphysis where cartilage is generated during bone growth in childhood. Also called the growth plate.
|
|
|
Medullary Canal
|
Cavity within a bone that contains the marrow.
|
|
|
Yellow Bone Marrow
|
Tissue that stores fat in semiliquid form within the internal cavaties of a bone.
|
|
|
Red Bone Marrow
|
Tissue within the internal cavity of a bone responsible for the manufacture of erythroytes and other blood cells.
|
|
|
Periosteum
|
The tough exterior covering of a bone.
|
|
|
Cartilage
|
Connective tissue providing the articular surfaces of the skeletal system.
|
|
|
Bones are classified acording to what?
|
Their general shape.
|
|
|
Sesamoid Bone
|
Bone that forms in a tendon.
|
|
|
Joint
|
Area where adjacent bones articulate.
|
|
|
Synathroses
|
Joints that do not permit movement.
|
|
|
Amphiarthroses
|
Joints that permit a limited amount of independent motion.
|
|
|
Diarthroses
|
Synovial joints.
|
|
|
Synovial Joint
|
Type of joint that permits the greatest degree of independent motion.
|
|
|
What are the three types of diarthroses?
|
Monaxial
Biaxial Triaxial |
|
|
Adduction
|
Movement of a body part toward the midline.
|
|
|
Abduction
|
Movement of a body part away from the midline
|
|
|
Circumduction
|
Movement at a synovial joint where the distal end of a bone describes a circle but the shaft does not rotate.
|
|
|
Lagaments
|
Bands of connective tissue that connect bone to bone and hold joints together.
|
|
|
Synovial Fluid
|
Substance that lubricates synovial joints.
|
|
|
Bursa
|
Sac containing synovial fluid that cushions adjacent structures.
|
|
|
Axial Skeleton
|
Bones of the head, thorax, and spine.
|
|
|
Appendicular Skeleton
|
Bones of the extremities, shoulder girdle, and pelvis.
|
|
|
Bones of the young child remain flexible and do not reach maximum strength until maturation, which is usually completed by when?
|
18 to 20 years of age.
|
|
|
At what age does the body begin to lose the ability to maintain bone structure.
|
After aproximatley the age of 40.
|
|
|
Fasciculus
|
Small bundle of muscle fibers.
|
|
|
Origin
|
Attachment of a muscle to a bone that does not move when the muscle contracts.
|
|
|
Insertion
|
Attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts.
|
|
|
Opposition
|
pairing of muscles that permits extension and flexion of limbs.
|
|
|
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
|
Skeletal
Cardiac Smooth |
|
|
Tendons
|
Bands of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone.
|
|
|
Tone
|
State of slight contraction of muscles that gives them firmness and keeps them ready to contract.
|
|
|
Bone is alive and requires a constant supply of what?
|
Oxygenated Circulation
|
|
|
What are the 7 types of muscular injuries?
|
Contusion
Compartment Syndrome Penetrating Injury Muscle Fatigue Muscle Cramp Muscle Spasm Muscle Strain |
|
|
Fatigue
|
Condition in which a muscle's ability to respond to stimulation is lost or reduced through overactivity.
|
|
|
Cramping
|
Muscle pain resulting from overactivity, lack of oxygen, and accumulation of waste products.
|
|
|
Spasm
|
Intermittent or continuous contraction of a muscle.
|
|
|
Strain
|
Injury resulting from overstretching of muscle fibers.
|
|
|
Sprain
|
Tearing of a joint capsule's connective tissues.
|
|
|
Grade I Sprain
|
Minor and incomplete capsule tear; painful, but minimal swelling; joint stable.
|
|
|
Grade II Sprain
|
Significant but incomplete tear; moderate to severe pain, swelling; joint intact but unstable.
|
|
|
Grade III Sprain
|
Complete tear; severe pain and spasm; joint unstable.
|
|
|
Subluxation
|
Partial displacement of a bone end from its position in a joint capsule.
|
|
|
Dislocation
|
Complete displacement of a bone end from its position in a joint capsule.
|
|
|
What may be transmitted through the skeletal system and cause injury remote from the impact site?
|
Kinetic Forces
|
|
|
Closed Fracture
|
A broken bone inwhich the bone ends or the forces that caused it do not penetrate the skin.
|
|
|
Open Fracture
|
A broken bone in which thebone ends or the forces that caused it penetrate the surrounding skin.
|
|
|
Hairline Fracture
|
Small crack in a bone that does not disrupt its total structure.
|
|
|
What are the ten types of fractures?
|
Open
Closed Hairline Impacted Transverse Oblique Comminuted Spiral Greenstick Epiphyseal |
|
|
Impacted Fracture
|
Break in a bone in which the bone is compressed on itself.
|
|
|
Transverse Fracture
|
A break that runs across a bone perpendicular to the bone's orientation.
|
|
|
Oblique Fracture
|
Break in a bone running across it at an angle other than 90 degrees.
|
|
|
Comminuted Fracture
|
Fracture in which a bone is broken into several pieces.
|
|
|
Spiral Fracture
|
A curving break in a bone as may be caused by rotational forces.
|
|
|
Fatigue Fracture
|
Break in a bone associated with prolonged or repeated stress.
|
|
|
Greenstick Fracture
|
Partial fracture of a child's bone.
|
|
|
Epiphyseal Fracture
|
Disruption in the epiphyseal plate of a child's bone.
|
|
|
Osteoporosis
|
Weakening of bone tissue due to loss of essential minerals, especially calcium.
|
|
|
Joint injuries may cause severe problems beyond the direct injury becuase why?
|
Because there is limited soft tissue surrounding the joint and blood vessels and nerves may be affected.
|
|
|
Callus
|
Thickened area that forms at the site of a fracture as part of the repair process.
|
|
|
Bursitis
|
Acute or chronic inflammation of the small synovial sacs.
|
|
|
Tendonitis
|
Inflammation of a tendon and/or its protective sheath.
|
|
|
Arthritis
|
Inflammation of a joint.
|
|
|
Osteoarthritis
|
Inflammation of a joint resulting from wearing of the articular cartilage.
|
|
|
Rheumatoid Arthritis
|
Chronic disease that cuases deterioration of peripheral joint connective tissue.
|
|
|
Gout
|
Inflammation of joints and connective tissue due to the buildupof uric acid crystals.
|
|
|
What else should you look for when you discover a skeletal injury?
|
Look for indications of the severity of the trauma forces and the possibility that the forces also caused internal injuries.
|
|
|
Any serious musculoskeletal injury suggest kinetic energy forces sufficient to cause what?
|
Spinal injury, so always consider spinal precautions.
|
|
|
A pelvic fracture may account fo hemorrhage of more than how many liters?
|
2 Liters
|
|
|
A femur fracture may account for how much blood loss?
|
1,500 mL of blood loss.
|
|
|
What are the six P's in evaluating limb injury?
|
Pain
Pallor Paralysis Parethesia Pressure Pulses |
|
|
When the assessment of an extremity suggest injury, treat the limb as though what?
|
A fracture or dislocation exists.
|
|
|
What should you evaluate the distal extremity for?
|
Pulse
Temperature Color Sensation Capillary Refill |
|
|
Form a clear mental picture of the injury site and be able to do what with it?
|
Describe it to the emergency physician.
|
|
|
6 Early Indicators of Compartment Syndrome
|
Feelings of tension within limb
Loss of distal sensation (especially in webs of fingers and toes) Complaints of pain Condition more severe than mechanism of injury would indicate Pain on passive extension of extremity Pulse deficit (late sign) |
|
|
What should you do at the end of the trauma assessment or the focused exam?
|
Identify all injuries and prioritize them for care.
|
|
|
During the ongoing assessment, be sure to ask about the patient's complaints and description of the musculoskeletal injury, because why?
|
Because over time, the patient may display more significant and specific symptoms of injury and complain of other injuries masked earlier by the chief complaint.
|
|
|
Any potential significant sports injury should be what?
|
Attended to by an emergency department physician.
|
|
|
4 Basics of Musculoskeletal Injury Care
|
Protecting open wounds
Proper positioning Immobilizing the injury Monitoring of neurovascular function |
|
|
When should you stop realignment attempts?
|
When you detect any resistance to movement or when the patient reports any significant increase in pain.
|
|
|
When should you not attmept an alignment?
|
When dislocations and serious injuries are within 3 inches of a joint.
|
|
|
How sould you splint injured limbs?
|
In the position of function or neutral position.
|
|
|
Always check what in the distal extremity before, during, and after splinting?
|
PMS
Pulses Motor Function Sensation |
|
|
What should you monitor on air splints and PASG's?
|
Monitor the air because is may change with changes in altitude or temperature.
|
|
|
Any injury within 3 inches of a joint should be considered what?
|
A joint injury.
|
|
|
Unless you identify a neurovascular deficit, immobilize joint injuries how?
|
As you find them.
|
|
|
Reduction
|
Returning of displaced bone ends to their proper anatomical orientation.
|
|
|
Always consider a pelvic fracture patient what?
|
A candidate for rapid transport.
|
|
|
How can a traumatic femur fractures be splinted?
|
By gently placing the patient on a long spine board.
|
|
|
Which is a more stable fracture? Fibula or Tibia
|
Fibula
|
|
|
Why should you try and leave a distal digit exposed?
|
To evaluate capillary refill and skin color and temperature.
|
|
|
How should you immobilize knee injuries?
|
In the position found unless you discover significant distal circulation, sensation, or motor deficit.
|
|
|
Which dislocation should not be reduced in the prehospital setting?
|
Elbow
|
|
|
What can you do to maintian the hands postion of function?
|
Place padding in the palm of the hand.
|
|
|
Tendon, ligament, and muscle injuries are rarely what?
|
Life Threatening
|
|
|
How should you care for muscular injuries?
|
With immobilization, gentle compression with snug dressings, and local cooling to supress edema and pain.
|
|
|
What can help your on-scene operations run more smoothly and efficiently?
|
Knowing the athletic trainers in your area.
|
|
|
RICE Procedure for Sprains, Strains, and Soft-Tissue Injuries
|
Rest the extremity
Ice for first 48 hours Compress with elastic bandage Elevate extrimity |
|
|
How should you handle refusals?
|
Contact medical direction and follow local protocols. Document such cases thoroughly.
|
|
|
What can a paramedic provide a patient that will have significant impact on a patient's emotional response to trauma?
|
Psychological Support
|
