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303 Cards in this Set
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incubation |
the period of time from the initial infection to the presence of clinical signs |
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prognosis of rabies |
-grave -fatality: almost 100% in humans, 100% in animals |
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is rabies zoonotic? |
yes |
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treatment for rabies |
none, once symptoms appear there is no treatment and death will occur |
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hosts for rabies |
all mammals |
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etiology of rabies |
lyssa virus |
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How is rabies transmitted? |
-most common: saliva to blood via bite or contamination of open wound -mucous membranes -inhalation from bates rare but potentially possible -organ transplants |
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incubation |
period of time from initial infection until the presence of clinical signs |
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incubation for rabies |
21-60 days: may be highly variable -depends upon the location of the bite and the species bitten |
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when did rabies arrive in massachusetts |
1992 |
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legal rabies vaccination requirements in MA for ferrets |
ferrets must be vaccinated at 3 months of age and then annually |
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legally in MA at what age must dogs be vaccinated by for rabies |
-dogs must be vaccinated by 6 months of age |
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legally in MA at what age must cats be vaccinated by for rabies |
-cats must be vaccinated by 6 months of age |
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which species are required by law to be vaccinated against rabies? |
dogs, cats and ferrets |
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which wild species have a presence of rabies in the wild in MA |
-raccoons, bats, other wild animals |
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how long do the clinical signs of rabies usually last |
7-10 days |
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when do animals begin shedding the rabies virus? |
in the prodromal stage |
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what are the 3 stages of the clinical signs of rabies |
-prodromal -excitative (furious): hyperactivity/stupor -paralytic |
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prodromal stage of rabies |
-changes in behavior of the animal -the time when people are at the greatest risk for contracting rabies -animal only begins shedding the virus once entering the prodromal stage |
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what are the 2 possible forms of the excitative stage of rabies? |
-hyperactivity -stupor |
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Hyperactive form of the excitative stage of rabies |
-usually affects carnivores -centers in limbic system -animal is passive then vicious: attacks unprovoked -irrational -foaming at the mouth -death usually within 10 days |
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stupor (dumb form) of excitative stage of rabies |
-may occur instead of "furious/hyperactive" form -more often seen in ruminants or non-carnivores |
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paralytic stage of rabies |
-ascending paralysis -starts at the caudal end of the body and moves to the diaphragm affecting respiration until the animal dies |
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diagnosis of rabies |
-must be done post-mortem -brain is examined for negri bodies (viral inclusions of rabies virus) -animal is decapitated and the whole head is sent to state diagnostic lab -clinic usually gets results with 24-48 hours -extreme care must be taken because it is still contagious even after the animal is dead -vet should be completely gowned for decapitation and packaging to prevent potential exposure |
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on the post-mortem exam what is the brain being examined for when trying to diagnose rabies? |
negri bodies - viral inclusions of the rabies virus |
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how long does it usually take the clinic to get results when a sample is sent to the state diagnostic lab to determine whether rabies is present or not? |
24-48 hours |
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treatment for animals for rabies |
none |
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Etiology of canine distemper |
Canine distemper virus (CDV)
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Method of transmission for canine distemper
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Aerosol droplets
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Prognosis for canine distemper
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Grave
90% mortality |
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Mortality rate for canine distemper |
90%
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etiology |
the study of the factors that cause disease |
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incubation |
period of time from initial infection to presence of clinical signs |
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endemic |
an etiological agent present in a community at all times (low frequency) |
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epidemic |
an etiological agent affecting large numbers in a community in a short period of time |
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pandemic |
a wide spread epidemic (worldwide) |
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angioneurotic edema |
facial swelling |
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urticaria |
hives |
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how long does it take for the classic vaccine reaction to present |
usually within 24-48 hours |
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symptoms seen with the classic vaccine reaction |
-facial swelling -hives -vomiting |
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if an animal has a vaccine reaction, how can you help prevent one in the future |
you can premed the animal and split up the number of injections in the future |
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when does an anaphylactic reaction to a vaccine usually happen |
before the animal leaves the parking lot |
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what should you do in the future if an animal has an anaphylactic reaction to a vaccine |
-try to not vaccinate again (except for rabies maybe) if vaccinating again put an animal on IV fluids and meds before |
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who do you report diseases to at an international level? |
the world health organization |
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who do you report diseases to at the national level? |
the center for disease control |
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who do you report diseases to at a state level? |
-department of public health -in MA we have a USDA vet who also works at the state level -department of agriculture (APHIS may be involved) |
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who do you report diseases to at a local level? |
the health inspector |
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what is the veterinarian's role in reporting diseases |
-veterinarians are the 1st line of defense -when there is an index of suspicion it is the job to report to the appropriate authorities |
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the 6 coordinating centers of the CDC |
-environmental health and injury prevention -health and information services -health promotion -infectious disease -global health -terrorism preparedness and emergency response |
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rabies protocol attachment 6 is used for |
management of dogs and cats exposed to wildlife |
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rabies protocol attachment 7 is used for |
management of dogs and cats exposed to other domestic animals |
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rabies protocol attachment 8 is used for |
management of dogs and cats which bite humans |
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for rabies protocol attachment 6, if a dog is vaccinated within the last 30 days what does it mean |
if a dog or cat was vaccinated within the last 30 days it does not need a booster |
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category 1 of rabies protocol attachment 6 |
direct contact with or visible bite from a confirmed rabid animal (includes eating viscera) |
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category 1 of rabies protocol attachment 6: if the dog or cat is currently vaccinated |
-booster immediately -notify local director of health and local animal inspector -strict confinement for 45 days -[direct contact with or visible bite from a confirmed rabid animal (includes eating viscera)] |
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category 1 of rabies protocol attachment 6: if the dog or cat is not currently vaccinated |
-1st recommendation is euthanasia -if owner is unwilling: -notify local director of health and local animal inspector -isolate for 3 months followed by 3 months of strict confinement -vaccinate 1 month prior to release -[direct contact with or visible bite from a confirmed rabid animal (includes eating viscera)] |
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category 2 of rabies protocol attachment 6 |
direct contact with or visible bite from a suspect rabid animal which is unavailable for testing (includes eating viscera) |
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category 2 of rabies protocol attachment 6: if dog or cat is currently vaccinated |
-booster immediately -notify local director of health and local animal inspector -strict confinement for 45 days -[direct contact with or visible bite from a suspect rabid animal which is unavailable for testing (includes eating viscera)] |
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category 2 of rabies protocol attachment 6: if dog or cat is not currently vaccinated |
-1st recommendation is euthanasia -if owner is unwilling -notify local director of health and local animal inspector -strict confinement for 6 months -vaccinate 1 month prior to release -[direct contact with or visible bite from a suspect rabid animal which is unavailable for testing (includes eating viscera)] |
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category 3 of rabies protocol attachment 6 |
wound of unknown origin suspected to be caused by another animal (e.g. cat abscesses) |
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category 3 of rabies protocol 6: if dog or cat is currently vaccinated |
-booster immediately -notify local director of health and local animal inspector -strict confinement for 45 days -[wound of unknown origin suspected to be caused by another animal (e.g. cat abscesses)] |
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category 3 of rabies protocol 6: if dog or cat is not currently vaccinated |
-1st recommendation is euthanasia -if owner is unwilling -notify local director of health and local animal inspector -strict confinement for 6 months -vaccinate 1 month prior to release -[wound of unknown origin suspected to be caused by another animal (e.g. cat abscesses)] |
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category 4 of rabies protocol 6 |
exposure by proximity seen near or in close proximity to a confirmed rabid animal (no contact or wounds) |
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category 4 of rabies protocol 6: if dog or cat is currently vaccinated |
-booster immediately -notify local director of health and local animal inspector -strict confinement for 45 days -[exposure by proximity seen near or in close proximity to a confirmed rabid animal (no contact or wounds)] |
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category 4 of rabies protocol 6: if dog or cat is not currently vaccinated |
-vaccinate immediately -notify local director of health and local animal inspector -strict confinement for 6 months -[exposure by proximity seen near or in close proximity to a confirmed rabid animal (no contact or wounds)] |
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what must happen when an animal is euthanized while under a 10-day quarantine |
any animal euthanized while under a 10-day quarantine must be submitted for rabies testing |
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category 1 of rabies protocol 7 |
visible bite or scratch from another domestic animal which has been identified is available for quarantine |
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category 1 of rabies protocol 7: if exposed dog or cat is currently vaccinated |
-notify local director of health and animal inspector -biting animal is placed under strict confinement for 10 days ~if biting animal is healthy at the end of 10 days, victim is not at risk for rabies ~if biting animal begins to exhibit signs compatible with rabies biting animal should be euthanized and submitted for rabies testing -if the test results are negative the victim is not at risk for rabies -if the test results are positive: ~booster victim immediately ~notify local director of health and local animal inspector ~strict confinement by owner for 45 days |
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category 1 of rabies protocol 7: if exposed dog or cat is not currently vaccinated |
-biting animal is placed under strict confinement for 10 days -if biting animal is healthy at the end of 10 days, victim is not at risk for rabies - vaccinate victim -if biting animal begins to exhibit signs compatible with rabies, biting animal should be euthanized and submitted for rabies testing ~if biting animal begins to exhibit signs compatible with rabies, biting animal should be euthanized and submitted for rabies testing -if test results are negative, victim is not at risk for rabies, vaccinate victim -if test results are positive ~notify local director of health and local animal inspector ~euthanize or isolation for 3 months followed by 3 months strict confinement - vaccinate at 5 months |
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category 2 of rabies protocol 8 |
visible bite or scratch from another domestic animal which has not been identified and is not available for quarantine |
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category 2 of rabies protocol 7: if exposed dog or cat is currently vaccinated |
-booster victim immediately -notify local director of health and local animal inspector -strict confinement by owner for 6 months - vaccinate at 5 months |
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category 2 of rabies protocol 7:if exposed dog or cat is not currently vaccinated |
-notify local director of health and local animal inspector -strict confinement by owner for 6 months - vaccinate at 5 months |
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what is category 1 of rabies protocol 8 |
-visible bite or scratch from a dog which has been identified and is available for quarantine |
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what happens for category 1 of rabies protocol 8 |
-the vaccination status of exposing animal is not relevant to recommendations -notify local director of health and local animal inspector -if biting animal is healthy at the end of 10 days the victim is not at risk for rabies -if biting animal begins to exhibit signs compatible with rabies, biting animal should be euthanized and submitted for rabies testing ~if test results are negative, victim is not at risk for rabies ~if test results are positive, notify MA department of public health, division of epidemiology |
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what is category 2 of rabies protocol 8 |
visible bite or scratch from a dog or cat which has not been identified and is not available for quarantine |
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what happens for category 2 of rabies protocol 8 |
-vaccination status of exposing animal is not relevant to recommendations -animal must be assumed to be rabid -notify MA department of public health, division of epidemiology -notify local director of health and local animal inspector -furnish local animal control with a description of the dog or cat and the location where animal was last seen |
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etiology of canine distemper |
canine distemper virus |
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transmission of canine distemper |
-aerosol droplets -highly contagious (easily destroyed by cleaners and heat) |
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prognosis of canine distemper |
-grave -90% mortality rate |
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when do clinical signs of canine distemper begin? |
9-14 days after exposure |
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when does the fever associated with canine distemper begin? |
3-6 days post infection |
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clinical signs of canine distemper |
-fever -cough -mucopurulent discharges -pneumonia (a viral pneumonia) -vomiting -diarrhea -dehydration -anorexia |
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sequelae of canine distemper |
-hyperkeratosis -clonus seizures -muscle twitching -ataxia -circling -blindness -old dog encephalitis
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hyperkeratosis |
-a thickening of foot pads and nose -a secondary symptom of canine distemper |
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clonus seizures |
-alternate contracting and suppressing of muscle -a secondary symptom of canine distemper |
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ataxia |
-failure of muscular coordination -unsteady on feet |
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old dog encephalitis |
-for dogs that are able to recover from distemper they are immune compromised and will develop this -it is a rare and progressive brain disorder |
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short term sequelae of canine distemper |
-chorea (st. vitus dance) -seizures |
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chorea (st. vitus dance) |
-abnormal, irregular movement disorder -short term sequelae of canine distemper |
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long term sequelae of canine distemper |
-old dog encephalitis -hypermetria -seizures |
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symptoms of old dog encephalitis |
-ataxia -head pressing (usually a result of intercranial pressure) |
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hypermetria |
-a form of ataxia -the animal is overreaching its steps or goals -movement of the body is exaggerated -aka goose stepping |
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treatment of canine distemper |
-supportive care (good nursing in a clean, quiet, dark, soft area) -nutritional support -fluids -isolation (separate room in a low traffic area) -prevent secondary bacterial infections (antibiotics) -antiemetics for GI signs |
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why should a dog be treated for canine distemper in a clean, quiet, dark, soft area? |
-a lot of stimulation can make the neurological signs of distemper worse -an animal being kept in an environment like this can show a decrease in twitching |
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what determines whether the symptoms of distemper are mild or severe |
the immune response |
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why can distemper often lead to secondary infections? |
distemper can cause immune suppression leading to secondary infections (often when giving antibiotics as part of treatments for viral infections we are trying to take care of secondary infections) |
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prevention of canine distemper |
-good hygiene: canine distemper is readily killed with common disinfectants, it is easily destroyed by cleaners and heat -vaccination: distemper is a core vaccine |
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vaccination for canine distemper |
-modified live (ML) or recombinant vaccine -puppies starting 6-8 weeks, then every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks of age, then an annual vaccine -boostered every 3 years -core vaccine
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testing for canine distemper |
-tests for distemper are not always conclusive -IFA (immunofluroscent antibody test) -paired titer testing (aka convoluscent titer) -PCR |
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IFA (immunofluroscent antibody test) for canine distemper |
-swabs from conjectiva or tonsils -tests on vitria (chamber of eye) -antibody test -if positive finding the antigens are in the tissue |
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paired titer testing for canine distemper |
-doesn't differentiate between natural exposure and vaccination -titer 1: measures specifically the antibodies IgG + IgM -titer 2: measures specifically the antibodies IgG + IgM |
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IgG |
antibodies that occur when the body is first exposed to the antigen |
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IgM |
antibodies that occur when exposure to an antigen continues |
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PCR testing for canine distemper |
testing on whole blood or urine |
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etiology of canine parvo virus |
canine parvo virus |
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when was canine parvo virus first isolated |
1978 |
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how does canine parvo virus present (where in the body does it like to infect) |
-parvo virus likes areas of the body with rapidly dividing cells -the intestinal lining is being sloughed off -there is a loss of microvilli in the intestinal tract and a massive loss of blood because of this |
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prognosis of canine parvo virus |
-grave -90% mortality without treatment -mortality approximately 80-90% with treatment |
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what is the mortality of canine parvo virus (without treatment)? |
90% |
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what is the mortality rate of canine parvo virus (with treatment)? |
approximately 80-90% |
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symptoms of canine parvo virus |
-depression -lethargy -anorexia -vomiting -bloody diarrhea -dehydration -fever |
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diagnosis of canine parvo virus is based on: |
-presentation (symptoms) -physical exam -laboratory exam |
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what is seen on physical exam with canine parvo virus |
-dogs with parvo "look sick" they have the appearance of a "limp dish rag" -fever -depression -dehydration |
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what is seen on laboratory exam with canine parvo virus? |
-on CBC: low white blood cell count -on chemistry profile: hypoglycemia, hypokalemia -positive ELISA parvo SNAP -serology showing high titer (IgG/IgM) |
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what is seen on CBC with canine parvo virus? |
-low white blood cell count -causes lymphopenia and neutropenia
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what is seen on a chemistry profile with canine parvo virus? |
-hypoglycemia -hypokalemia -these occur because of the vomiting |
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treatment for canine parvo virus |
-euthanasia -symptomatic care (support dog as much as possible): -fluids -plasma (or whole blood) - could potentially given them passive immunity with whole blood -antibiotics - covering dog for secondary infections -nuprogen - stimulates the bone marrow to produce white blood cells -supportive care all in isolation - not only is parvo highly contagious but it is very hearty in the environment |
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nuprogen |
stimulates the bone marrow to produce white blood cells |
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prevention of canine parvo virus |
-vaccination: -modified live (strains 2a,2b,2c) -vaccination early, 6-8 weeks, every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks of age -certain breeds at higher risk may continue vaccination until 20-22 weeks core vaccine -high titer for puppies -extended maternal immunity |
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vaccine for canine parvo virus |
-modified live (strains 2a,2b,2c) -vaccination early, 6-8 weeks, every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks of age -certain breeds at higher risk may continue vaccination until 20-22 weeks -core vaccine |
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some breeds which are more susceptible to canine parvo virus |
dobermans and rottwielers |
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testing for canine parvo virus |
-ELISA fecal SNAP -paired titer (we don't know if antibody levels are due to vaccination or natural exposure) |
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ELISA fecal SNAP |
-more likely to give diagnosis -needs a fecal sample -tests for viral antigen -could potentially come up false positive if vaccinated within 2 weeks of test |
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what does corona virus cause in dogs? |
canine viral diarrhea |
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transmission of canine corona virus |
-fecal/oral -highly contagious -commonly seen in puppies, especially in crowded conditions |
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prognosis of canine corona virus |
-good -if hydration is maintained animal should recover in 3-5 days |
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corona virus in species other than dogs |
-all animals have their own corona virus -it tends to be species specific -in cats: feline infectious peritonitis -in pigs: atrophic rhinitis -in humans: bronchitis (SARS)
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presentation of corona virus in dogs |
-causes a bloody diarrhea in dogs (usually not as bloody as parvo) -acute onset of both vomiting and diarrhea -diarrhea is foamy and may be bloody -canine viral diarrhea |
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how is canine corona virus diagnosed? |
-it can be based on presentation (vomiting concurrent with diarrhea) -diagnosis of corona is a diagnosis of exclusion (it is important to rule out conditions that have a worse prognosis |
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conditions to rule out when diagnosing canine corona virus |
-parvo virus -hemorrhagic gastric enteritis (HGE) -foreign body -other causes of bloody diarrhea (ex: whipworm) |
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lab tests which can help diagnose canine corona virus by ruling out other conditions |
-WBC: will not be extremely low like it is in parvo -will not see hypoglycemia like in other conditions -a parvo snap will be negative |
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treatment of canine corona virus |
-supportive care -antiemetics if vomiting -fluids -antibiotics -the prognosis is good if hydration is maintained the animal should recover in 3-5 days |
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prevention of canine corona virus |
-vaccination in susceptible populations: -given at 8, 12, 16 weeks (started at 8 weeks and given every 4 weeks) -single or combination products -not a core vaccine |
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the canine adenovirus-1 vaccine |
-a flawed vaccine -would cause "blue eye" in dogs (the antigen-antibody complexes sticking to the front of the eye -we would also see interstitial nephritis (inflammation of the nephrons which was being caused by the antibody-antigen complexes pooling in the nephrons) -we now vaccinate for CAV-2 which does not give these side effects but does provide adequate vaccination against CAV-1 |
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what disease process does canine adenovirus 1 cause |
-canine infectious hepatits (ICH) |
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transmission of canine adenovirus 1 |
-highly contagious -shed in urine for up to 9 months (even after recovery from virus) -spread by oro-nasal transmission of infected secretions and fomites |
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prognosis of canine adenovirus 1 |
grave for symptomatic dogs |
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acute liver failure of canine adenovirus 1 is characterized by |
-petecchia -ecchymoses -DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) |
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symptoms of canine adenovirus 1 |
-fever -acute liver failure -inflammation of the liver -fever >103 (can see a biphasic fever) -general symptoms of liver disease (hepatomegaly, abdominal pain) -lethargy, depression -jaundice -anorexia -vomiting/diarrhea -"blue eye" |
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petecchia |
small microhemorrages |
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ecchymoses |
large bruise or pooling of blood under skin |
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DIC |
-disseminated intravascular coagulation |
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biphasic fever |
-animal will have a mild fever then recover from it and then come back with another more severe fever |
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jaundice |
yellowing appearance of skin due to an increase of bilirubin |
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diagnosis of canine adenovirus 1 |
-diagnosis of exclusion -can isolate virus with serologic testing, virus isolation, IFA -titers for ICH (not helpful for vaccinate dogs) -diagnostic tests |
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diagnostics seen with adenovirus 1 |
-leukopenia -thrombocytopenia -elevated liver values (increased ALT, increased AST) |
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treatment of canine adenovirus 1 |
-euthanasia -supportive treatment: -good nursing -fluids -nutritional support -antibiotics -antiemetics -antidiarrheals -transfusions (these dogs have no clotting factors so they need to get some) - plasma, whole blood |
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clinical signs of canine adenovirus 2 |
-dry hacking cough (a hacking, honking, croupy cough - really bad tracheitis) - +/- fever - +/- lethargy - +/- inappetance - the symptoms of kennel cough depend on the underlying cause, age and on vaccination |
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when do the clinical signs of canine adenovirus 2 present |
usually within 2 days - 2 weeks of exposure and generally runs its course |
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diagnosis of canine adenovirus 2 |
-based on clinical signs -also based on history of recent exposure to other dogs (ex: kennel, hospital, grooming, show, doggy day care, etc.) |
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treatment of canine adenovirus 2 |
-cough suppressants - +/- antibiotics (especially with nasal discharge) -glucocorticoids: used to decrease inflammation in airways, not used in cases where pneumonia concerns/risks |
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Prevention of canine adenovirus 2 (vaccination for canine adenovirus 2) |
-vaccine MLV CAV-2: -injectable -1st vaccine 6-8 weeks of age, every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks of age, then annual vaccine and then every 3 years after that -intranasal available in combination with bordetella and parainfluenza |
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etiology of leptospirosis |
-leptospira interrogans -slender, delica -spira - spiral -bacteria - spirochete -likes warm, wet environemnts |
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transmission of leptospirosis |
-ingestion of organism, usually through contaminated water source -direct or indirect contact with infected urine (can enter through mucus membranes, broken skin) -wide range of natural reservoirs including raccoons, rats/mice, and large animals |
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zoonotic potential of leptospirosis |
-poses a significant risk to all humans who come in contact with animals for up to 3 months (even animals who have responded to treatment may be chronic shedders) |
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which serovars of leptospirosis have a vaccine available for them |
-icterohaemorrhagie (rat) -canicola (dog) -pomona (cow, pig) -grippotyphosa (raccoon) |
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how many serovars of leptospirosis are there? |
over 20 |
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when do clinical signs of leptospirosis appear? |
2-20 days after exposure |
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peracute signs of leptospirosis |
-sudden death -few signs of disease |
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acute signs of leptospirosis |
-fever (103-104) -soreness -vomiting -bleeding -depression
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subacute signs of leptospirosis |
-fever -anorexia -stiffness -vomiting/diarrhea -jaundice -abdominal pain -back pain - caused by renal pain - +/- CNS signs |
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chronic signs of leptospirosis |
-can occur if treated in subacute or acute and don't heal completely -CRF - chronic renal failure -CAH - chronic active hepatitis |
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diagnosis of leptospirosis |
-rule out other causes of acute liver/kidney disease -lab values show damage to liver and kidneys but are not diagnostic -microscopic agglutination testing can be done but are not diagnostic -serology necessary for diagnosis (paired titer): -4 fold increase in antibody titer over a 4 week period -during this 4 week period we would be treating the animal -we would do a paired titer even if the dog is vaccinated because they may have a strain of leptospirosis the dog is not vaccinated against |
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treatment of leptospirosis |
-supportive care -antibiotics (penicillin and doxycycline) -treatment is expensive and long (dog can end up on dialysis) |
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prevention of leptospirosis |
-multivalent bacterin: bacterin may cause significant vaccine reactions -alone or combined with DHPP: -recommended to be given alone (because it must be given annually unlike the other vaccines it would be combined with) -separate vaccine: 4 serovars -combination: bivalent, multivalent -12 weeks of age, 2 vaccines, 2-4 weeks apart, annual booster -there is no cross protection |
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vaccine schedule for leptospirosis |
-given at 12 weeks of age -2 vaccines -2-4 weeks apart -annual booster |
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vaccination schedule for injectable canine adenovirus 2 |
-1st vaccine 6-8 weeks of age -every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks of age -then annual vaccine
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vaccination schedule of canine corona virus |
-8, 12, 16 weeks -started at 8 weeks and given every 4 weeks |
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vaccination schedule of canine parvo virus |
-start at 6-8 weeks -every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks of age -vaccination until 20-22 weeks for more susceptible breeds |
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vaccination schedule for canine distemper |
-starting at 6-8 weeks -every 2-4 weeks until 16 weeks of age -then an annual vaccine -then every 3 years |
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species other than dogs that the kennel cough may affect |
-cats, guinea pigs, rabbits -kennel cough is mildly zoonotic (depending on the causative agent) |
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kennel cough complex leads to... |
infectious tracheobronchitis |
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transmission of kennel cough |
-highly contagious -mildly zoonotic (depending on the causative agent) |
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etiology of kennel cough |
-infectious: ~CAV-2 ~Parainfluenza ~Bordatella bronchiseptica (Gram (-) bacteria) -environmental: ~particulate matter -individual: ~stress |
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symptoms of kennel cough |
-cough (non-productive, honking) -variable (severity of disease can be dependent on individual patient's immune status) - +/- fever (low grade) - +/- lethargy - +/- inappetance |
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diagnosis of kennel cough |
-based on history: (kenneling, grooming, dog park, dog show, shelter, high particulate count) -physical exam: sensitive trachea -imaging: (bronchial pattern, inflammation on x-ray sometimes) -laboratory: elevated WBC count |
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treatment of the kennel cough complex |
-antibiotics (broad spectrum) -glucocorticosteriods (control inflammation) -anti-tussives (cough suppressants) -bronchodilators -self-limiting disease -copassing |
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example bronchodilators |
-terbutaline -aminophylline |
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copassing |
-firmly patting up along the spine to try to break up congestion in the lungs |
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example anti-tussives |
-Narcotic: ~hydodan ~butorphanol ~Codeine -Non-narcotic ~dextromethorophan (robotussian) |
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what is the active ingredient in robotussian |
dextromethorophan |
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complications associated with kennel cough |
secondary bacterial pneumonias: -more common in young puppies or immunocompromised animals -sever productive cough -high fever -respiratory distress, cyanosis -anorexia -life threatening -when starting to see secondary bacterial pneumonias we may do a transtracheal wash to find actual causal agents |
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prevention of bordatella bronciseptica |
~Injectable -inactivated -8 weeks of age, 2 vaccines, 4 weeks apart, then annually ~Intranasal -live avirualent bacteria -1 dose, 4 weeks of age -vaccine induced cough |
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prevention of parainfluenza |
~injectable MLV -follow core vaccine schedule ~intranasal -give with bordetella IN |
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etiology of canine influenza |
-influenza A subtype H3N8 -mutant strain of equine influenza virus -an emerging disease |
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when was canine influenza first described |
2004 |
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which breed of dogs was canine influenza first noted in? |
1st noted in greyhounds being housed with racehorses |
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transmission of canine influenza |
-highly contagious (aerosol, fomites) -acquired in communal settings - aerosol, direct and fomite transmissions of respiratory secretions -potential for epidemic spread |
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morbidity of canine influenza |
roughly 100% |
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mortality of canine influenza |
about 5-10% |
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symptoms of canine influenza |
-symptoms progress rapidly from cough to life threatening pneumonia (canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) -cough -anorexia -fever -purulent, nasal discharge -bronchopneumonia |
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bronchopneumonia and canine influenza |
-5-10% of patients with canine influenza will progress to bronchopneumonia -bronchopneumonia is a viral pneumonia so we must provide supportive care for this until they mount an immune response |
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roughly what percentage of animals develop flu-like symptoms when infected with canine influenza |
50-80% |
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how long does it take before the clinical signs of canine influenza become apparent? |
roughly 7-10 days |
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in dogs infected with canine influenza, when is the majority of the virus shed? |
2-5 days after exposure |
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roughly how long does infection with canine influenza last |
2-4 weeks |
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diagnosis of canine influenza |
-based on symptoms -based on progression -paired titer tests -via nasal swabs early on: nasal swabs can be done in that 2-5 time after exposure when the virus is being shed but we normally don't do them then because the dog is not symptomatic at this point |
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treatment of canine influenza |
-supportive care (fluids, oxygen) -antibiotics (doxycycline, cliadicicline) -bronchodilators -expectorants (dextromethorphan, guaifensesin) -we can see milder self-limiting cases -needs to be treated in isoaltion |
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prevention of canine influenza |
-good hygiene in kennel environments and shelters -immunization |
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vaccination for canine influenza |
-killed virus -as early as 6 weeks -2 doses, 2-4 weeks apart, then annually -non-core vaccine |
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6 species of brucella |
-abortus (cattle and horses) -canis (dogs -suis (pigs) -ovis (sheep) -melitensi (sheep and goats) -neotome (wood rats) |
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etiology of brucellosis |
-there are 6 species -there is cross infection -a gram negative, intracellular bacteria (lives within a cell, defeats a cell's defense system making it difficult to get rid of all of the disease) |
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zoonotic potential of brucellosis |
-zoonotic -considered a bioterrorism agent -also known as malta fever, undulant fever -brucella canis causes flu-like symptoms in people and is reportable in some states |
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natural reservoirs of canine brucellosis |
-deer -elk -bison -buffalo -wild wine |
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transmission of canine brucellosis |
-ingestion of: fetal membranes, uterine discharges, milk, urine -trans membrane: skin and mucous membrane contact with body fluids of infect animals -venereal |
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clinical signs of canine brucellosis in males |
-testicular enlargement secondary to epididymitis -prostatitis - inflammation of prostate -lumbar discopondylitis - inflammation of vertebrae in lumbar spine |
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clinical signs of canine brucellosis in females |
-breeding failure: bred multiple times but not getting pregnant -spontaneous abortion in 3rd trimester -dead feti -retained placentas |
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screening tests for brucellosis |
rapid slide agglutination -can be done in clinic -doesn't tell us which species of brucella but can tell us if there has been exposure to brucella |
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tests which gives a definitive diagnosis of brucellosis |
-RSAT positve (sample sent to cornell for canis specific testing) -2-ME TAT (2-mercarpoethanol tube agglutination test) - does not give species -AGID (agar gel immunodiffusion): gives us the species of brucella |
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which test for brucellosis is the only one which will give us the specific species? |
AGID (agar gel immunodiffiusion) gives us the specific species of brucella |
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treatment of canine brucellosis |
-euthanasia -antibiotic therapy is difficult due to the persistence of the intracellular organism: combination of tetracycline and aminoglycosides, requires 18-24 months of therapy -relapses: prognosis for elimination is guarded -no further breeding because of venereal transmission |
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public health concerns associated with canine brucellosis |
-brucella is a reportable disease -it is a zoonotic bacterial disease -WHO is monitoring for possible epidemic and CDC is also monitoring |
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prevention of canine brucellosis |
-no vaccine is available for dogs -pre-breeding screening 3-4 weeks prior to each mating for both the male and the female EVERY BREEDING |
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rickettsia |
-gram negative -obligate, intracellular bacteria occurring as elementary bodies that typically multiply only in the cytoplasm of host cells -able to be engulfed in the cells via endocytosis and then break through membranes and then are free floating to do whatever they want |
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what do rickettsial diseases require to be transmitted |
rickettsial diseases require vectors (in the form of ticks) to be transmitted into the body |
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scientific name of the brown dog tick |
rhipicephalus sanguineus |
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common name of rhipicephalus sanguineus |
brown dog tick |
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scientific name of the blacklegged tick/deer tick |
ixodes scapularis |
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common name of ixodes scapularis |
blacklegged tick/deer tick |
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scientific name of the lone star tick |
amblyomma americanum |
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common name of amblyomma americanum |
lone star tick |
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scientific name of the dog tick/wood tick |
dermacentor variabilis |
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common name of dermacentor variabilis |
dog tick/wood stick |
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how long must a tick be attached to transmit a rickettsial disease? |
depending on the organism ticks need to be attached for 5-20 hours |
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tick paralysis |
tick paralysis happens when the tick itself is causing a toxin that causes paralysis (it is not a separate etiological agent) |
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example rickettsial organisms |
-rocky mountain spotted fever (rickettisia rickettsii) -ehrilichiosis (ehrlichia canis, ehrlichia ewingii) -anaplasmosis (anaplasma phagocytophlim) |
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what effect does rocky mountain spotted fever have on the body |
-attacks vascular endothelial cells causing edema -replicates in cells that line the veins and capillaries -causes necrosis in these cells -end up with increased vascular permeability/vasculitis - blood leaks out - breakage/damage |
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etiology of rocky mountain spotted fever |
rickettsia rickettsii |
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vector for rocky mountain spotted fever |
-dog tick/wood tick: dermacentor variabilis -dermacentor andersoni |
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zoonotic potential for rocky mountain spotted fever |
-the tick vector must be involved for zoonotic transmission -can be transmitted via blood-blood contact |
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clinical signs of rocky mountain spotted fever |
-fever: usually high, around 105 or higher -anorexia -depression -mucopurulent ocular discharge -cough -panting (tachypnea) -vomiting/diarrhea -muscle pain -CNS signs - seizures -severe weight loss -retinal hemorrhages - back of the eye -scrotal edema -dependent upon vessels most affacted |
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which vessels tend to be most affected in rocky mountain spotted fever |
-end artial organs tend to be most affected -where we see clinical signs of the disease depend on which vessels end up being most affected |
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Diagnosing rocky moutain spotted fever is based on: |
-history (tick exposure) -season -symptoms (rule out other tick borne diseases) -serology (Indirect: screen for antibodies, paired titers. Direct: immunofluorescent test of tissue biopsy) -Lab tests |
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what do we see on lab tests with rocky mountain spotted fever? |
-anemia (they're losing blood supply out of vasculature) -thrombocytopenia -hypoproteinemia (not taking in a lot of nutrients and everything is leaking out) -elevated liver values |
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during which seasons do we see a peak of rocky mountain spotted fever? |
there is a peak in spring and summer but in new england we see ticks year round |
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treatment of rocky mountain spotted fever |
-doxycycline or minocycline (daily for 4 weeks) -supportive care -an animal with all clinical signs may need more treatment to deal with other clinical signs but the antibiotics will treat just the rocky mountain spotted fever |
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prevention of rocky mountain spotted fever |
-tick control (spraying yards, keeping grass cut short, keeping dogs out of underbush) -minimize tick exposure -no vaccine |
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how can humans contract rocky mountain spotted fever |
-tick bites -handling blood from infected patients |
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etiology of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis |
ehrlichia canis |
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vector for canine monocytic ehrlichiosis |
Rhipicephalous sanguineus (brown dog tick) |
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which cells does ehrlichia canis infect |
invades the lymphocytes and monocytes (the agranular white blood cells - the mononuclear WBC) while these cells are in the spleen and liver |
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the 3 distinct phases of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis are... |
-the acute phase -sub clinical -chronic
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how long does the acute phase of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis last |
2-4 weeks |
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the acute phase of monocytic ehrlichiosis |
-issues before they even come in -mononuclear cell division in the spleen and liver -spreads to lungs, kidneys, meninges -vasculitis, subendothelial tissue infection -lymphadenopathy, anemia -fever, depression -anorexia, weight loss -edema, dyspnea -nasal and ocular discharges -causes the vasculitis seen in RMSF |
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subclinical phase of monocytic ehrlichiosis |
-they have the disease but they aren't showing strong clinical signs -CNS signs (ataxia, seizures) -few symptoms -6-9 weeks post infection |
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when does the sub clinical phase of monocytic ehrlichiosis occur |
6-9 weeks post infection |
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anterior uveitis |
inflammation in the anterior chamber of the eye |
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chronic phase of monocytic ehrlichiosis |
-retinal hemorrhage -extreme weight loss -debilitation -anterior uveitis -CNS signs -bleeding tendencies -secondary bacterial infections |
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diagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis |
-history (ticks) -physical exam (fever, symptoms) -serology (indirect immunofluorescence antibody test [IFA], ELISA, Western blot) |
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treatment of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis |
~supportive care: -fluids -transfusions -doxycycline or minocycline (daily, 4 weeks) |
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prevention of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis |
tick control |
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zoonotic potential of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis |
-rely on tick vector for transmission or blood to blood transmission -take care when handling blood samples |
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etiological agent of canine ganullocytic ehrlichiosis |
ehrlichia ewingii |
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vector of ehrlichia ewingii |
amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) |
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presentation of canine graulocytic ehrlichiosis |
-acute polyarthritis -inflammatory joint disease -extremely painful -painful in any joint we manipulate -can stimulate an autoimmune arthritis -animal appears to be "walking on eggshells" if walking at all |
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symptoms of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis |
-sudden fever -lethargy -anorexia -lameness -muscular stiffness |
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ehrlichia ewingii is the etiological agent of which disease |
canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis |
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etiological agent of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis |
anaplasma phagocytophilum |
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anaplasma phagocytophilum is the etiological agent of which disease |
canine granulocytic anaplasmosis |
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vector of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis |
ixodes dammini (deer tick) |
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symptoms of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis |
-acute onset of fever, severe lethargy -lameness, joint effusion -anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea -coughing, dyspnea |
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diagnosis of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis/canine granulocytic anaplasmosis |
-positive on SNAP -abnormalities in granulocytes -lab work -increase in white blood cell count -inclusions on lab work if looking at blood smear |
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treatment for canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis/canine granulocytic anaplasmosis |
-doxycycline or minocycline daily for 4 weeks |
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prevent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis/canine granulocytic anaplasmosis |
tick control |
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etiology of lyme disease |
-borrelia burgdorferi -spirochete |
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borrelia burgdorferi is the etiological agent of which disease |
lyme disease |
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vector of lyme disease |
ixodes sp (specifically the deer tick) |
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how long must the deer tick be attached to transmit lyme |
-a minimum of 48 hours -attachment does not have to be continuous |
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where is lyme disease endemic |
-northeastern united states and eastern MA specifcally |
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clinical signs of lyme disease |
-dermatologic -arthritic -cardiac -less common neurologic signs -nephritis (in labrador retrievers) -fever, lethargy -anorexia -lymphadenopathy |
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arthritic signs seen with lyme disease |
-non erosive polyarthritis -joint swelling, shifting leg lameness -tend to shoe lameness first on leg closest to bite |
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nephritis as part of lyme disease |
-commonly seen in labradors -inflammation of the glomeruli -typically ends up being terminal |
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acute lyme disease |
-recently sick (within the last day) -fever -lethargy -hyperesthesia -polyarthritis -dermatitis |
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chronic lyme disease |
-episodic lameness -myocardial abnormalities -CNS signs -acute renal failure |
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asymptomatic lyme disease |
-common for dogs to test positive -only approximately 5-10% show clinical signs -a positive test means exposure -clinical signs mean the disease process has occurred -clinical signs appear months after the bite |
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morbidity of lyme disease |
-approximately 10% -5-10% for dogs who actually get the disease will actually contract/get symptoms for the disease |
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diagnosis of lyme disease |
-history -serologic testing (paired antibody titers) -ELISA SNAP -C6 quantitative analysis |
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how much of an increase on a paired titer test are you looking for when diagnosing lyme disease |
-4 fold -will not differentiate between exposure and vaccination |
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antibody screening test for lyme |
-ELISA SNAP for lyme will differentiate between vaccination and exposure because it is looking for specific reaction to specific something on antigen -positive ELISA is followed up with C6 |
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C6 quantitative analysis for lyme |
-sent to Idexx -will tell you the actual titer level/the antibody response to the antigen itself |
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what is a positive ELISA for lyme followed up with? |
a C6 quantitative analysis |
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treating symptomatic dogs for lyme - what diagnosis methods do you use before treating? |
-a positive SNAP -C6: titer greater than 30 animal will receive treatment -retesting approximately 6 months later |
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what diagnostic methods do you use to determine if an asymptomatic dog has lyme? |
-positive SNAP (SNAP is done once a year for heartworm and the dog is being automatically tested for lyme) -some clinics will send a C6 and if titers are high enough the clinic may do treatment to prevent future signs |
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treatment for lyme |
-doxycycline/minocycline (first choice, daily for 4 weeks) -amoxicillin (minimum 4 weeks, amoxicillin is an option for lyme, unlike other tick-borne diseases, because it is a spirochete bacteria) -no antibiotic is 100% -recurrence may happen |
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which antibiotic can be used for lyme but not for other tick-borne disease and why? |
amoxicillin because it is a spirochete bacteria |
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prevention of lyme disease |
-tick control -vaccination -recombinate targeted specifically against the organism of lyme itself -OspA: found in tick gut -OspC: dog blood -2 vaccines, 2-4 weeks apart with annual booster |
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lyme vaccine |
-recombinant recommended of whole cell bactrin -recombinate is targeted specifcally against the organism of lyme itself -OspA: found in tick gut - dog develops OspA antibodies (this is on the borrelia while in the midgut of the tick) - arrests the growth of the bacteria and prevents organism from entering tick's salivary gland - used to neutralize the disease prior to transmission -OspC - found in dog blood - used to neutralize the disease after transmission -2 vaccines, 2-4 weeks apart, with annual booster -must be boosted anually |
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OspA |
-can be a component of lyme vaccine -found in tick gut -dog develops OspA antibodies (this is on the borrelia while in the midgut of the tick) -arrest of growth of bacteria and prevents organism from entering tick's salivary gland -used to neutralize the disease prior to transmission |
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OspC |
-can be a component of lyme vaccine -found in dog blood -used to neutralize the disease after transmission |
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lyme vaccine schedule |
-2 vaccines, 2-4 weeks apart with annual booster -must be boosted anually |
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what does the 4Dx plus test for? |
-heartworm (dirofillaria immitis) -lyme (borrelia burgdorferi) -ehrlicia (ehrlichia canis, ehrlichia ewingii) -anaplasma (anaplasma phagocytopilium, anaplasma platys) |
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which species of ehrlicia does the 4Dx plus test for? |
-ehrlichia ewingii -ehrlichia canis |
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which species of anaplasmosis does the 4Dx plus test for? |
-anaplasma phagocytophilium -anaplasma platys |
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is the heartworm test on the 4dx plus an antibody or antigen test? |
antigen |
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is the lyme test on the 4dx plus an antibody or antigen test? |
-antibody -the 4dx plus is looking for a particular antibody that only activates when responding to a specific exposed antigen (and not a vaccination antibody) therefore a positive is a definitive posiitve |
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is the ehrlichia test on the 4dx plus an antibody or antigen test? |
antibody test since there is no vaccine a positive is a definitive positive |
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is the anplasmosis test on the 4dx plus an antibody or antigen test? |
-antibody test -since there is no vaccine a positive a definitive positive |
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which tick-borne disease is there a vaccine for? |
lyme |
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is the parvo snap test an antigen or an antibody test? |
antigen test |
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why might you see a false positive on a parvo ELISA SNAP test? |
you might see a false positive if the animal was vaccinated within 2 weeks of the SNAP |
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ELISA stands for |
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
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IFA stands for |
immunofluorescence assay |
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core canine vaccines |
-rabies -distemper -adeno2 -parvo |
