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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The mature pancreas has both _______ and ________ functions.
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exocrine (enzymes), endocrine (hormonal)
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In the fetal period, islet cell clusters differentiate from pancratic bud endoderm. These cell clusters form _____.
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acini and ducts (exocrine)
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On the edge of islet cell clusters, pancreatic ______ also form.
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islets (endocrine)
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The pancreas is a ____peritoneal structure.
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retro
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The pancreas is located in the ______ and the ______.
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epigastric, left hypochondrium
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The pancreas lies transverse between the ______ and ______ .
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duodenum, splenic hilum
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The average measurement for the pancreatic head, body, tail.
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head: 3.5 cm or less
body: 2.5 cm or less tail: 2.5 cm or less |
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What is the largest section of the pancreas?
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the body
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What is the most difficult portion of the pancreas to visualize on ultrasound?
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the tail
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Name the four pancreatic shapes.
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* tadpole
* dumbbell * sausage * boomerang |
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What is the most common congenital anomaly of the panceas?
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pancreas divisum
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What cause pancreas divisum?
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a failure of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic ducts to fuse
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With pancreas divisum, the ventral duct drains into the ____ and the dorsal duct drains into the _______.
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major papilla, separate minor papilla
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Why is it called pancreas divisum?
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because the pancreas is drained by two ducts.
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What is the most common complication of pancreas divisum?
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pancreatitus
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What is an annular pancreas?
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a rare congenital anomaly caused by the failure of the ventral and dorsal buds to fuse. The pancreatic head and uncinate process wrap around the duodenum.
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The _____ is formed behind the neck of the pancreas by the junction of the SMV and splenic vein.
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portal vein
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The main pancreatic duct is also known as _______.
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the duct of Wirsung
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The main pancreatic duct travels the lenght of the pancreas to join with the distal portion of CBD at the _____.
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ampulla of Vater
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Where is the duct of Wirsung more frequently visualized on ultrasound.
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the body of the pancreas
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The main pancreatic duct should not be more than ____ in the body of the pancreas.
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2 mm
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Name four structures that mimic the pancreatic duct.
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* splenic vein
* splenic artery * posterior wall of the stomach * retroperitoneal fat |
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The normal pancreas is either _______ or _______ to the normal liver.
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isoechoic, hyperechoic
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The pancreas becomes _________ and _________ with age.
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more echogenic, smaller
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Why is the echogenicity greater in older adults than young children?
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Because adults have more internal pancreatic and surrounding fat.
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In young children, the pancreas ________ than the liver.
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may be less echogenic
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Pancreas is responsible for ___ of digestion.
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80%
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The pancreas is an _____ and _____ gland.
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exocrine, endocrine
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What hormones are released when food enters the duodenum?
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cholecystokinin
gastrin secretin |
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Highly digestive enzymes secreted by the acinar cells of the pancreas include:
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* amylase
* lipase * trypsin |
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List the 3 pancreatic cells and hormones they secrete:
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* alpha cells secrete glucagon
* beta cells secrete insulin * delta cells secrete somatostatin |
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Failure to produce sufficient amount of insulin leads to ______.
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diabetes mellitus
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List the 3 pancreas lab values:
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* amylase
* lipase * glucose |
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There may be a ______ in blood sugar in pancreatic tumors.
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decrease
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A ______ in blood glucose level is found in severe diabetes, chronic liver disease and overactivity of several endocrine glands.
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increase
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______ is secreted only by the pancreas.
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Lipase
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The modality of choice, the "gold standard", for imaging the pancreas is ____.
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CT
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When digestive enzymes of the pancreas escape into the surrounding tissues, there is an increase in ______.
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amylase
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A ______ level that is twice the normal value usually indicates acute pancreatitis.
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serum amylase
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Lipase rises in _______ and in ______.
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acute pancreatis, carcinoma of pancreas
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