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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
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vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen; constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into duct system
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Sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
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vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory units, more viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen
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The gland located at the base of the eyelash is called a _________.
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ciliary gland
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What are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?
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tarsal or Meibomian gland
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What opening(s) are located along the lateral wall of the orbit?
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superior orbital fissure
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What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?
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lamina papyracea
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What opening(s) are located along the superior wall of the orbit?
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optic canal
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Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?
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orbicularis oris, procerus, & risorius
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what is the third layer of the scalp associated with?
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muscular component of the scalp
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What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?
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the tentorium cerebelli
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What are the layers of the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane?
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a superficial layer and deep layer are identified
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What is the embryonic derivative of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?
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the notochord
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The occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?
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about 60%
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What are the attachment sites for the accessory ligament of the lateral atlanto-axial joint?
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the base of the odontoid process and vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament of atlas
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What is the ADI?
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the Atlanto-Dental Interspace, a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
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What amount of axial rotation is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
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about three to eight degrees one side axial rotation
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What are the attachment sites of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
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it is attached to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas and to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum
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What forms the ventral slip of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine?
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A membranous partition from the vertebral body covers the intervertebral foramen and extends back to the transverse process to form a ventral slip. It is penetrated by the contents of the intervertebral foramen.
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What are the layers of the ligamentum nuchae?
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a superficial and a deep layer are identified
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What is now thought to be a major function of the interspinous ligament?
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it is a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex
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Where is ossification of the ligamentum flavum most commonly identified?
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the thoracic spine or thoracolumbar transition zone
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What is the histology of the ligamentum flavum?
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it is formed primarily with elastic fibers which are yellow in appearance
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At one time ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was an example of what condition?
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Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH
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What is the racial bias associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
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a higher incidence in the Japanese
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Where is ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament most commonly identified?
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the cervical spine with an 80% incidence
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What is ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region identified as?
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Forestier's Disease
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What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
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it brakes or limits dorsi-flexion or hyperextension of the vertebral column
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What is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc?
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the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner
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What structure forms following migration and subsequent mixing of the sclerotomites?
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the vertebral blastema
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What structure is formed following migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord?
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perichordal blastema
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What is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc?
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the paradiscal ramus communicans
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What are the sources of innervation of the intervertebral disc?
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the sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral nerve, recurrent meningeal nerve), fibers from the ventral primary ramus, fibers from the white ramus communicans, fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans, fibers from the gray ramus communicans
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What morphological classifications of receptor endings are present in the intervertebral disc?
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free nerve endings, Pacinian corpuscles, Golgi tendon organs, Ruffini endings, and Meissner's corpuscles have been identified
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What is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration?
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changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate
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What is the organizational pattern for collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus?
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they are parallel with one another in a single lamellus and angled
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What is the organizational pattern for glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?
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they typically have a binding site for hyaluronic acid and are thus aggregated
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What is the appearance of the cervical annulus fibrosus?
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a horse-shoe with the anterior margin thick and the lateral margins tapering to the uncinate process; the posterior margin is thin
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What cell is associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age eleven?
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notochord cells
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What is the intervertebral disc histologically composed of?
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cells, collagen fibers, and a hydrated proteoglycan gel
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What is the number of true intervertebral discs identified in the adult?
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twenty-three
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What are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve?
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the sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar & the vertebral artery
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What happens to cervical nerve roots between their origin from the spinal cord and exit from the intervertebral foramen?
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they descend along the spinal cord
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What is the unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column?
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they lack valves
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What will the intervertebral veins drain into?
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the external vertebral venous plexus or Batson's plexus
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What is the name given to the appearance of the last arterial vasa corona?
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the cruciate anastomosis
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What are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?
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it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement
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What is the total number of medullary feeder arteries for a typical adult?
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about 21
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What are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
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the iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery, and median sacral artery
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What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?
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the vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery, and deep cervical artery
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What parts of the peripheral nerve system may lie in the intervertebral foramen?
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the ventral nerve root, dorsal nerve root ganglion, mixed spinal nerve, ventral primary ramus, dorsal primary ramus, as well as the recurrent meningeal (sinuvertebral) nerve
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Upper and lower extremities are innervated with sympathetics exclusively derived from which ramus or division?
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ventral primary ramus
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In the ascending pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber?
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in a paravertebral ganglion higher than the paravertebral ganglion of origin
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In the horizontal pathway, what is the fate of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber in the paravertebral ganglion of origin?
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it will synapse on the second order sympathetic efferent neuron
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Which paravertebral ganglia give rise to pelvic splanchnic nerves?
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none, these are parasympathetic efferent nerves
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The sacral splanchnic nerves will communicate with which plexuses?
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the inferior hypogastric plexus or pelvic plexus
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The lesser splanchnic nerves will communicate with which plexus(es)?
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the aorticorenal ganglion
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The greater splanchnic nerves will communicate with which plexuses?
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the celiac ganglion, the aorticorenal ganglion, and adrenal medulla cells
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What are the named sympathetic splanchnic nerves?
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cardiac splanchnic nerve, greater splanchnic nerve, lesser splanchnic nerve, least/lowest/third splanchnic nerve or renal nerve, and sacral splanchnic nerves
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What does the splanchnic nerve unite?
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paravertebral sympathetic ganglia to the prevertebral sympathetic ganglion
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What does the interganglionic ramus communicans tie together?
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paravertebral sympathetic ganglia
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Based on the target cell innervated, what are the classifications given to postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers?
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vasomotor fiber, pilomotor fiber, sudomotor fiber, and secretomotor fiber
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Which of the prevertebral nerve plexuses are more likely to contain secondary sympathetic neuron cell bodies?
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cardiac plexus, pulmonary plexus, celiac plexus, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus
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The ganglion impar will communicate with which spinal nerves?
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ventral primary rami of S5 and Co1 spinal nerves on both sides
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The stellate ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglia?
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C7, C8, T1 paravertebral ganglia
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The superior cervical paravertebral ganglion will communicate with which spinal nerves?
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ventral primary rami of C1-C4 spinal nerves
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What are the names of all adult paravertebral ganglia?
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superior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, inferior cervical ganglion, cervicothoracic or stellate ganglion, thoracic ganglia, lumbar ganglia, sacral ganglia, sacrococcygeal ganglion, ganglion impar
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What function is primarily emphasized for the submucosal plexus of Meissner?
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influence on the process of secretion/absorption of the gut
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What is the location of the myenteric plexus of Auerbach?
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between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers along the entire gut
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What are the primary enteric plexuses?
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myenteric plexus of Auerbach and the submucosal plexus of Meissner
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What is the function of the enteric nerve system?
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control of motility, exocrine and endocrine secretions, microcirculation, and regulation of the immune and inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract and organ system
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