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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult
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26 segments
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what constitutes the spine?
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the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic, an dlumbar vertebrae
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which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?
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the two toed sloth (6)
the manatee (6) the ant bear (8) three toed sloth (9) |
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what other term is used to identify the vertebral segements of the chest ?
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the dorsal segments; the dorsals
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what variations account for the disparity in the number and morphoglgy of vertebrae within the population?
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GOGI
gender variation, (sexual dimorphisim), ontogenetic variation, geographic or population based and idiosyncratic |
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what is the length of a typical male spinal column?
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about 70 cm or 28 inches
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what is the length of the cervical region (both measurements) ?
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about 12 cm or 5 inches
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how does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
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ribs are formed from the embryonic template
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what levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate the weight bearing transfer?
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S1-S3 at the auricular suface
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distinguish between motion and locomotion.
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motion is movement without travel
Locomotion is movement to a new site/location |
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what organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull
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the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the ear
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what is the general shape of the vertebral body at eaqch region of the spine?
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cervical - rectangular
thoracic- triangular lumbar - reniform |
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what are the ages of appearance and the events occuring at each step in the formation of bone at the superior and inferrior surface of the vertebral body
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7-9 appearance of plate
12 formation of epiphyseal ring 15 formation of epi Rim |
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what is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
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cervical - posterolateral
thoracic - posterior, slight lateral Lumbars - posterior |
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what is the name given to ossified features located at the attachement site of the ligamentum flavum?
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para-articular processes
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what is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on an X ray?
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shingling
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what is the name given to the tubular bone growth regions in the vertebral arch
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apophyseal region
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what is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
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cervical - anterolateral
thoracic - posterolateral lumbar - lateral |
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for each region of th soine effected , what will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction ?
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cervical - spinal nerves, pulled forward to form plexi,
thoracic- lungs push them backwards |
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what is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis?
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the superior articular process/apophysis
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what will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
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the inferior articular process/post zygapophysis, the superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum
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what will form the inferior boundry of a typical intervertebral foramen?
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the superior vertebral notch/ superior vertebral incisure
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what will form the anterior boundry of a typical intervertebral foramen?
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the vertebral body of teh segment above, the vertebral body of segment below, the intervertebral disc, and the posterior longitudinal ligament
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what isthe method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis?
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the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/spinous apophysis and the horizontal plane
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what is the orientation of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?
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cervical- slight angle inferiorly
thoracic- noticeable angle inferiorly lumbar - no inferior angle |
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what is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each regionof the spinal column/ vertebral column?
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cervical- triangle
thoracic- oval lumbar-triangle sacrum - triangle |
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identify the meninges of the spinal cord/ spinal medulla/ medulla spinalis and the commonly acdepted meaning of each ?
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dura mater- tough mother
arachnoid mater- spider mother pia mater- tender of delicate mother |
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what is the name given to each space formed between th esseous verterbral foramen and the spinal cord/spinal medulla/medulla spinalis
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epidural - betwenn vertebral foramen and dura mater
subdural - between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater subarachnoid- between that arachnoid and the pia mater |
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which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament
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anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein, recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/ sinus vertebral nerve, Hoffman ligaments |
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what are the typical contents of the subarachnoid space down to level C3?
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exceptions * anterior spinal arteries, posterior spinal arteries
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what are the typical contents of the subarchnoid space below C7?
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exceptions *
AMLAT (anteromedian longitudinal arterial trunk ) PLAT (posterior longitudinal arterial trunk) |
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what are the branches of the spinal artery?
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ossseous arteries, anterior spinal canal arteries, posterior spinal canal arteries,ant. and post. medullary feeder arteries, neural artery
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which vessel will supply the anterior/ventral nerve rootlet?
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anterior proximal radicular artery
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which vessel will supply dorsal/posterior nerve rootlet?
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posterior distal radicular artery
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what arterial vasa corona branches supplies the gray matter and most of the spinal cord?
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ventral/central/sulcal perforating artey
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what vessels drain the spinal cord?
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pial veins
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what will pial veins drain into?
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venous vasa corona
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which vessels form the venous vasa corona?
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right and left anterior longitudinal veins, right and left posterior longitudinal veins, and 4 communicating veisn
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what is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column?
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typically S2, the dural cul de sac
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what is the generic cord level of origin- vertebral level combination for the lumbar/lumbosacral enlargement?
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T9, L1-L2 cords
T10, L3-L4 cords T11, L5- S1 T12, S1-S2 |
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what spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?
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typically S4,S5 and CO1
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what is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?
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coccygeal medullary vestige
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what is the name given to the condition where the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum terminal is thickened?
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tethered cord syndrome
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what are the primary constituents of the bone mineral ?
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calcium, phosphate, citrate and carbonate ions
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what are the three responses of bone which allow it to be considered as "living"?
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heal , remodel , and age
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what are the six commonly used classifications of normal bone.?
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long bones, flat bones,irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pnuematic bones, sesamoid bones
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what is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?
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heterotopic
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what is the primary charcteristic of short bones?
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they are essentially cuboidal
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what are the four bacis surface feature categories?
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elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways, & facets
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what are the types of osseous linear elevation?
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line, ridge , & crest
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what are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
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tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity, and malleolus
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what are the categories of osseous depressions?
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linear and rounded depressions
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what are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
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foramen or canal
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what are the categories of rounded osseous facets
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articular heads and articular condyles
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what is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible ?
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the cranium
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what are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull
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the neocranium, the splanchnocranium or facial skeleton, and the auditory ossicles
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what bones form the neocranium of the typical adult skull ?
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the frontal, parietal, temporal,occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid.
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what regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
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the manubrium sterni, the gladiolus sterni, and the xiphopid process.
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what are the classifications of ribs 3-7 in the typical adult skeleton
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typical ribs,true, costa verae,and vertebrosternal ribs
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what are the four subclassifications of synarthrosis joints?
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suture, gomphosis, schindylesis, syndesmosis
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what are the sutra vera ?
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true sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembraneous ossification
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what is the complete classification of a joint demonstrating a relatively flat, abutting appearance of the adjacent bone surfaces
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synarthrosis suture harmonia
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what is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage ?
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amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
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what is the complete classification of a knuckle type synovial joint?
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diarthrosis condylar, diarthrosis bicondylar
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what is the complete classification of a ball and socket synovial joint?
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diarthrosis cotyloid; diarthrosis spheroidal, diarthrosis enarthrosis
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what type of ossification pattern typically forms the true suture?
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intramembraneous ossification
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which suture classification demonstrtes interlocking and overlapping characteristics?
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synarthrosis suture limbous
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overlapping, non-interlocking sutures would be examples of which classification?
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synarthrosis suture squamous
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what is the classification of a Peg in socket joint?
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synarthrosis gomphis
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which joint classification would involve a fissure condition or appearance?
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synarthrosis schindylesis
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what are examples of a amphiarthrosis synchondrosis?
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metaphysis; neuro-central joint; neural arch joint; chondrocranium, costochondral joints;first sternochondral joint
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what are examples of a permanent amphiarthrosis synchondrosis?
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costochondral joints; first sternochondral joint
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what are the characteristics of an amphiarthrosis symphysis?
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limited motion,median plane location; support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint; more permanent in longevity; occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
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what are the four consistent features of diarthrosis joints ?
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articular or fibrous capsule,
synovial membrane, articular cartilage, synovial fluid |
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what are the charcterstics of the Type I mechanreceptors?
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located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule; resemble Ruffini endings; most numerous in cervical zygapophysis; monito the joint at "rest"
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what are the charcteristics of type II articular receptors?
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resemble Pacinian corpusules; located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule; most numerous in the cervical spine; monitor the joint during normal range of motion
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what are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
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synovial villi, articular fat pads, synovial menisci/ intra-articular discs
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