Palmer Biomechanics Module 5

Front 1

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Back 1

1. rubor - redness_
2. tumor - swelling_
3. calor - heat, or fever_
4. dolor - pain_
5. functio laesa - loss of function

Front 2

What are two benefits of inflammation?

Back 2

maintenance of tissues_
allows for remodeling

Front 3

What are the two fairly distinct forms of inflammation?

Back 3

acute and chronic

Front 4

What are the three phases of acute inflammation?

Back 4

1. vasodilation_
2. slowing of blood flow_
3. migration of white blood cells

Front 5

What are three characteristics of chronic inflammation?

Back 5

1. accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages_
2. angiogenesis_
3. connective tissue proliferation

Front 6

What are three modalities that chiropractors can use for the management of inflammation?

Back 6

1. ice_
2. nutrition_
3. exercise strategies

Front 7

According to what hypothesis is the most common spinal lesion recognized by:_

Back 7

1. lessened or otherwise altered mobility_
2. altered pressure threshold to pain and_
3. signs of neuromuscular dysfunction?
segmental dysfunction hypothesis

Front 8

What is segmental facilitation?

Back 8

A lowered threshold for firing a neuron in the spinal cord as a result of afferent bombardment associated with spinal lesions.

Front 9

As extrafusal muscle fibers contract, how is proper tension maintained in the intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles?

Back 9

The afferent fibers of the spindle sense that the intrafusal muscle fibers are lax and send that info the CNS._
The CNS then sends down instructions via the efferent fibers of the spindle to adjust the tension accordingly.

Front 10

According to Jones, what happens in response to the increased joint capsule tension caused by an entrapped joint meniscoid?

Back 10

Mechanoreceptor activity increases, which leads to_
increased nociception, which leads to_
decreased pain threshold and hypertonic paraspinal musculature

Front 11

According to Jones, what can happen as a result of the sustained joint hypomobility associated with an entrapped joint meniscoid?

Back 11

capsular adhesions can develop which can eventually lead to_
obliteration of the joint space.

Front 12

What aspects of the subluxation are specifically targeted with Henderson's rat model?

Back 12

fixation and mal-position

Front 13

According to the Korr Model of Segmental Dysfunction, how does the CNS get confused about where a body segment is?

Back 13

The muscle spindles send inaccurate proprioceptive info to the CNS. They got mis-set because while you are in the process of moving to a new position, you were bumped externally. That caused you to move farther than the CNS told your muscles to move you. Consequently, the muscle spindles got set for a position the CNS thought you were in - not the position you ended up actually being in.

Front 14

According to the Patterson-Steinmetz model, how was "spinal learning" demonstrated to have occurred in rats?

Back 14

A cerebral lesion was induced that caused a hind leg to flex._
If the spinal cord was severed right away, communication was blocked between the lesion and the hind leg, and the hind leg relaxed._
If more than 45 minutes passed between inducing the lesion and cutting the cord, the leg stayed flexed, even though there was no communication between where the lesion was and the leg itself._
Therefore, it was assumed that during the time between when the lesion was induced in the brain and when the cord was cut, something happened in the spinal cord below where it was severed to cause it to "learn" that the leg was supposed to stay flexed.

Front 15

What is the general notion of the Mense Model?

Back 15

There is some sort of self-reinforcing cycle by which a spasm results in localized ischemia and edema which induces the release of vasoneuroactive substances that reinforce the spasm.

Front 16

What is the general notion of the instability hypothesis?

Back 16

Damage to supporting tissues allows excessive motion and instability that can cause abnormal stress distribution resulting in conditions that predispose the spine to painful episodes.

Front 17

What are the 4 methods described in class for quantifying the degree of cervical curvature on a lateral x-ray?

Back 17

1. curve depth_
2. C2-C7 angle_
3. chord-C7 angle_
4. radii of curvature

Front 18

According to the neuropathology hypothesis, how can the nerve root be distorted besides from the bony compression that can result from a reduced IVF?

Back 18

The nerve root could be stretched or_
it could be compressed against the IVF by inflammation of soft tissues and edema within the IVF

Front 19

How do dorsal roots compare to peripheral nerves in their susceptibility to compression?

Back 19

Dorsal roots are much more susceptible than peripheral nerves.

Front 20

In what manner is a nerve fiber distorted as a result of a blockage along its course?

Back 20

both radial distention and lengthening

Front 21

What term is used to refer to hyperactive sympathetic function associated with segmental dysfunction?

Back 21

sympathicotonia

Front 22

If vertigo is induced by the patient laterally rotating their head back and forth, how can you determine if the vertigo is cervicogenic or vestibular?

Back 22

Hold the patient's head still and have them rotate their body under the stationary head._
If vertigo is still induced, it must be cervicogenic since the vestibular apparatus was stationary._
(that is the Fitz-Ritson test)

Front 23

What mechanism was proposed in Leach's text to explain how chiropractic adjustments might help reduce the plasma extravasation - a major feature of acute inflammation?

Back 23

Adjustments are thought to affect the plasma levels of Substance P, which acts on mast cells to initiate the release of prostaglandin (the substance that causes plasma extravasation).

Front 24

What is the basic concept of the myelopathy hypothesis?

Back 24

That an intervertebral subluxation can cause compression or other irritation directly on the spinal cord.

Front 25

What is the basic contention of the dentate ligament hypothesis (as proposed by John Grostic)?

Back 25

Inasmuch as the dentate ligament attaches the spinal cord to the dura mater, if the dura mater is pulled in some manner, the dentate ligaments will therefore pull on the spinal cord which can cause aberrations in function of the nerves that pass by near the attachment site of the dentate ligament.

Front 26

What is the basic concept of the vertebrobasilar insufficiency hypothesis?

Back 26

That cervical joint misalignments can cause a kink in the vertebral arteries, thereby reducing blood flow to the brain.

Front 27

According to Seyle's General Adaption Syndrome (GAS), how does the body develop a disease of adaption as the result of continual stress of some kind?

Back 27

1. When the stress is first applied, there is an alarm reaction._
2. After some time the body settles into a stage of resistance._
3. If the body is not able to sustain the stage of resistance over time, then a disease of adaption develops.