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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Population in 19th century |
275,000-300,000. 90% Muslims 7,000-10,000 Jews 20,000-30,000 Christians By 1881 457,000 400,000 Muslims 13,000-20,000 Jews 42,000 Christians |
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Dhimma - Pact of Umar |
Umar Ibn al Khattab, the second Caliph extracted a Jizya and a kharaj, a special task on conquered non-believers, from the people of the book. The Dhimmi couldn't stike a muslim, ride a horse, build or repair houses of worship and had to wear distinctive clothes A later insertion allowed Muslims to expel these communities. Umar expelled the Jews of the Hejaz |
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Khatt-i-Humayun |
The 1856 firman, decreeing the equality of all citizens in the ottoman empire regardless of religion |
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The harbingers of political zionism |
Rabbi Yehuda Alkalai (1798-1878), Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (1795-1874) and Moses Hess (1812-1875) |
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Rome and Jerusalem: The Last Nationality Question |
Published by Moses Hess in 1862. Sensing the impossibility of assimilation with the Christians and the rising Middle East nationalism. He wanted a Jewish state in the middle east |
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Auto-Emancipation: A Warning to His Kinfolk by a Russian Jew |
Written by Leo Pinsker. Published in 1882 in German, called for a mass exodus from Russia after the pogroms. Pinsker was looking for a stretch in North America as the Jewish homeland |
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Hibbat Zion |
Led by Leo Pinsker. Consisted of 10-30 thousand. Earning about 50 thousand Rubles a year in fund-raising. They arrived between 1881-1903 and formed Rishon Le-Zion, Rosh-Pina, Zikhron Yaakov and reformed Petach-Tiqva |
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Bilu |
A group originating in Kharkov. Their 1884 manifesto suggested they would "help our brother Ishmael". They wanted a state within the ottoman state.
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Gedera |
A Bilu village formed in 1884 next to Qatra |
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The Dreyfus affair |
1894-1895, Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason and confined to Devil's Island |
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Der Judenstaat |
1896 - a pamphlet by Theodor Herzl. Jews couldn't assimilate. They would need their own homeland |
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Max Nordau |
(1849-1923) Herzl's Deputy in the Zionist movement |
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Altneuland |
Published in 1902. A book about the Jews in 1923 living in cooperation with the Arab communities. Bringing prosperity and progress. Arabs are equal citizens in the Jewish commonwealth |
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Herzl's attitude towards the natives |
1895 - Herzl wrote in his dairy that the population should be displaced by gaining employment elsewhere while being denied employment in the Jewish state. 1901 - in a draft for the charter of a Jewish-Ottoman land corporation. Herzl wrote that the state would have the authority to move native populations |
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The first Zionist Congress
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August 29, 1897, Failing to get Western Jewish support. Prominent Eastern Jews gathered in Basel. After many argument they decided on the formation of a homeland and avoided the term Jewish state in order to avoid antagonizing the Turks, Russians and others
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Herzl's plan |
a Jewish national fund to purchase land which would be state owned and alliance with a great power which would lease the land to the Jews |
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The Uganda offer |
August 1903. Britain offered a patch of land in East Africa. The Zionist movement was split between territorialists who wanted any land and the Zionists of Zion. The Russians, led by Chaim Weizmann rejected the offer. In 1907, the 7th Zionist congress officially rejected the offer |
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The Kishinev pogrom |
Passover, April 19-20 1903. Mobs slaughtered and destroyed Jewish homes. Hayim Nahman Bialik described the pogrom in "The city of slaughter" |
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Butrus al-Bustani |
Wrote that Syria and Lebanon were one country. "Our fatherland" and that all the communities of Syria regardless of creed or race were sons of the fatherland |
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Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi |
The herald of modern, secular pan-Arabism. wrote Umm al Qura (The mother of villages) and Taba'i al Istibdad (The nature of tyranny). He was against ottoman despotism and called for pan-Islamic unity with modern values |
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Rashid Rida |
Founded and editor al-Manar, a daily newspaper that promoted Islamic revival and Arabic nationalism 1907 - was one of the founders of the society of the ottoman council. Wanted to unite the empire's nationalities and turn Abdulhamid II's despotism into constitutionalism He called CUP the enemy of the Arab and of Islam |
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Najib Azouri
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A Maronite, assistant governor of Jerusalem. He was sentenced to death in absentia after publishing articles attacking ottoman corruption. He published "The awakaning of the Arab nation in Turkish Asia) calling for an Arab state from the Euphrates to Suez
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Young Turk Revolution |
July 1908. Restored the 1876 constitution, freedom of press and the parliament. They also started a process of Turkification, replacing Arab officials with Turks and making Turkish the language of the courts and government |
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al-Fatat |
Ahmad Qadri of Damascus and Abd al-Hadi of Nablus formed al-Fatat as corresponding secret society to the young Turks. First to preserve Arab rights in the empire and by 1913 to liberate the Arab nation. During WWI they decided to work with the Turks to stop Western aspiration for their land |
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Jamal Pasha |
Commander of the Ottoman fourth army and governor of Greater Syria in 1915-1916 instituted a reign of terror in Syria |
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al-Istiqlal |
The Arab independence party. Formed in 1919 by Emir Faisal's supporters in Syria |
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Nabi Musa festivities |
Dating from Saladin's days in the 12th century. Celebrating the birth of Moses at his grave near Jericho |
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MCA |
Muslim Christian Association. First established in Jaffa in November 1918. Later MCAs were founded in other towns. They articulated local political thinking and aspirations |
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al-Nadi |
An offshoot of al-Fatat with similar goals. Dominated by Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husseini. Issued a newspaper, Suriyya al-Janubiyya (southern Syria). Was anti Zionist. In 1920 they staged the play "the ruin of palestine" where a Zionist maiden seduces and steals the money of two Arabs leading to their suicide |
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The Palestinian Congresses |
The first Palestinian Congress met in Jerusalem in 1919 and voted for unity with Syria. The second never happened. The third met met in Haifa in December 1920 and called the British to form a native government |
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Menachem Ussishkin |
A Hovevei Zion leader. Wrote in 1904 that land can be acquired by 3 methods - force, expropriation via governmental authority or purchase. The Zionists were limited to the third option until we become rulers |
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A land without a people for a people without a land |
The Zionist slogan was written in Lord Shaftsbury's memoirs in 1854 and was recycled by the Zionist writer, Israel Zangwill in a 1901 article |
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Ahad Haam |
A leading Zionist Essayist. In 1891 he wrote that it's hard to find lands that are not cultivated. He wrote that the settlers should act with love and respect towards the Arabs but finding themselves in a land with limitless freedom they exhibited "a tendency to despotism as happens always when a slave becomes a master". In 1893 he wrote that the attitudes of the colonists towards their tenants is like that of their animals. They would commonly call them mules |
