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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Megaphyll
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have leaf gaps and veination in the leaves,
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microphyll
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at most have one vascular strand
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Characterize
Lycopsids |
Microphylss,
adaxia sporangia, exarch xylem in stem, |
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Characterize
Sphenopsids |
Nodes, hollow pith, non laminate leaf in whorles, storlibili are on peltate sporaniaspore - umbrellainternode to internode
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Characterize
ferns |
i. adventitious roots
ii. mostly compound leaves, much scherencema, iii. spores on lower part of leaves iv. some fossils have secondary growth v. long stalk vi. protosteleic, syphonostelec, ditieostelic vii. mezarch |
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1st occurance
Megaphylls |
archiopteris U devonian
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1st occurance
Heterospory |
charearia U devonian
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1st occurance
seed habit |
elksinia U devonian
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1st occurance
microphylls |
bragnylia silurian
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Eligulate lycopods
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lycopodium, phyloylossum, barayetc
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Ligulate lycopods
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selaginella, isoeles, lepidodendrons, methosteropus
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homosporous lycopods
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leceregia. lycopodium, phyloylossum, barayetc
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heterosporous lycopods
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cyclosostigma, selaginella, isoeles, lepidodendrons
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heterospory is lycopods occurs when?
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m. devoinian
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feature of Lepidodendron –
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large tree with cones at the end of branches n a crown, ligule, leaf scar, protoxylem
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features of Diaphorodendron
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cones borne on tips of lateral branches near tips of vegetative branches, cones monosporate
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features of Lepidophloios
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larger branches than lepidodendron, monosporangiate
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features of Paralycopodites
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small tree, dichotomus trunk, deciduous branches ended in cones , bisporangiate cones
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features of Sigillaria
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leaf grass like leaves, no roots just rhizomorphs
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leaves of Cyperites are
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long and grass liike
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Why is Lepidocarpon almost like a seed? .
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Displays the complex nature of seeds in the way they have the microsporangia surround the megasporangia
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What major trends do a. Lepidodendropsis/Protostigmaria indicate in terms of isoetalean evolution
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in late carboniferous had bipolar growth, they had spirally arranged leaf cushions and no secondary phloem
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feature of Chaleuria
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main axis lateral braches divide twice, 2 different sized spores (evolving heterosporous),
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feature of Oocampsa
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main axis, lateral branches with irregular division, spores have zona and spines
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features of Calamophyton –
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rhizomous structure, dichotomizing branches; They divide into several parts mid-length, then again in distal regions. Some of these divisions bear strongly recurved sporangia
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features of Pseudosporochnus,
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Older branches fall off, some debate as to weather there are roots, or just 2 trees on top of each other
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features of . Iridopteris,
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whorled laterals
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features of iridopterids -
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actinosteele with xylem at the tips,
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features of Ibyka, -
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psuedomonopodal branches that dichotomize off in 3D.
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features of Arachnoxylon. –
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whorled laterals,
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how do euphyllophytes relate to trimerophytes such as pertica
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termina braches are wholed too
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how do euphyllophytes relate to Pseudosporochnus ?
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lateral branches decussate branches, leaves are whorls
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sphenopsids 1st appear in
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U. devonian
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early sphenopsids where...
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large, herbaceous, ribbed stem, much dichotomizing, non-laminate leaves, with terminal strobili
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features of calamites
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-large herbaceous ribbed stem,
-much dichotomizing, -non-laminate leaves - terminal strobili |
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calimites occur ...
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devonian carbiniferous
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calimites differ from equestrian how?
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Calamites have septae splits in pith and Sterile bracts
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Annularia
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Calamitaceae leaf
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Asterophyllites
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Calamitaceae leaf
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Arthropitys
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Calamitaceae leaf
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Astromyelon
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Calamitaceae leaf
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Calamostachys,
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calamitaceae Strobili
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Paleostachya,
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calamitaceae Strobili
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Mazostachys
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calamitaceae Strobili
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how do Sphenophyllales and how do they differ from calamites and/or Equisetum?
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Smaller than calamites,
herbaceous, so more like equisetum, have a protosteeleic stem and exarch xylem, Stems and strobili can be quite long, 6-9 wedged shaped leaves per node |
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Sphenophyllum
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permineralized stem of Sphenophyllales
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Bowmanites,
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stroblil of sphenophyllales
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Sphenostrobus,
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stroblil of sphenophyllales
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Peltastrobus
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stroblil of sphenophyllales
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Basic features of ferns
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Megaphyllus leaf,
foliar borne sporangia, bi-lateral branching |
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Basic features of Rhacophyton
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secondary growth,
rhyzomus rachis paired pinaraces off of clepsyloid sporangia borne on pinnae off of the rachis at base of pinnae |
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rachis
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rhizomes stem that curvez up
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clepsyloid
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dog bone shaped xylem in pinna of rhapcopdyton
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Why is rhacophyton not a fern?
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lacks big leaves, foliar borne sporangia and crosiers
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Rhacophyton age
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U. Dev.
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major groups of ferns
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Ophioglossales, - addlers toungue
Marattiales, tree with advantageous roots Filicales, Hydropteridales. |
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major group of fern that is not a leptosporangium
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ophioglossales
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Why are clodoxiles considered early ferns?
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Flat branches
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Zygopteridaceae stem
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false, bunch of tiny ones fused together, h shaped pbyllophore traces, radial trachieds show 2° growth
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Zygopteridaceae petiole
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instead have phyllophore, bear pinnae
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Zygopteridaceae reproductive morphology
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sorus, on pinneals of leaf
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Zygopteridaceae anatomy
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philaphae, forked in 2, rhizome
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phyllophore
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structure between leaf and petiole that bears spores
H traces |
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phyllophore isolated
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Etapteris
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philaphae
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wha tthe zygoptris have istead of petioles, the are forked
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sorus
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bunch of sporangia on bottom of zygopteris piinae
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early filicians
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Botryopteridaceae
Anachoropteridaceae Tedeleaceae |
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Tedeleaceae stem
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5 pointed protostele
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Tedeleaceae petiole
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divides it axile and petiole (anchor shaped) YO Ho Ho Teddy!
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Tedeleaceae reproductive morpholoy
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sporangia with apical annulus
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Tedeleaceae anatomy
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axilary branches
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Botryopteridaceae stem
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proto/sphinostele
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Botryopteridaceae petiole
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vascular strand with M/omgea shape and adaxial projections
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Botryopteridaceae reproductive morphology
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sporangia terminal on some fronds
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Botryopteridaceae anatomy
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spiral fronds
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Anachoropteridaceae stem
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protostele with densely arranged leaves
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Anachoropteridaceae petiole
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c shaped trace with cancave away from stem
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Anachoropteridaceae reproductive morphology
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globos, little otherwise known
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what do the early ferns tell us about fern evolution?
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steele went from protostelic to ectophilic/dictoyxlic and siphonostele
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phyllophore
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1st pinnae off of rachis
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Eusporangium,
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- spore of clodoxiles, large # spore no annuus
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leptosporangium
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sporangium formed from a single epidermal cell
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Psaranius
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MARATTIALES
big tree, full of mucilage |
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Psaranius stem
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polycyclyc dictiostele with inner and outer roots
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Synangia
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found in psaronius , leaves and sporangia fused on the underside of fronds
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whon Psaronius became a major element in forests?
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u. Dev
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Progmnospermopsida characters
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A helping of Pteridophytic reproduction and morphology with a helping of gymnosperm anatomy on top.
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features of archaopteris
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1st tree, m.-u. dev.; grows along water
eustele, branches instead of leaves,bi-pinnate leaves, spiral leaves, |
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Aneuophytes
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upper devonian
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Tetraxylopteris features
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4 lobed 1° xylem cambium in center and arms, radiates like a clodoxile
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date of 1st ovule
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u. devonian
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nucellus
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megasporanium
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cupule
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covering of ovules in moresnetia
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Lyginopteridaceae stem
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monostelic, eustele
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Lyginopteridaceae type of leaf
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neoropteris, alethoperis
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Lyginopteridaceae petiole anatomy
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1 vasc. strand
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Lyginopteridaceae ovule features
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copulate, nucellus + integument fused
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Lyginopteridaceae pollen organ
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synangiate, small # sporangia, trilete
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Medullosaceae stem anatomy
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polystelic, # of meristele variable, nodes
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Medullosaceae leaf type
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pinnate
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Medullosaceae ovule features
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“Pachytesta” 3-zoned integument, free nucellus that forms a pollen chamber/beak
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Medullosaceae pollen organ
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large and synangiate, some monolete
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integuments
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megaphyllus structures that enclose megasporangium
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capules
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not necessarly leaves
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Moresnetia features
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ovules enclosed in capule, no integements, lagenostomes
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rellimia
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y- shaped xylem, called triloxboxylon
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seed plant features
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i. the seed in within it and matures, the integemunt never splits
ii. megaphylls iii. vasc cambium, cork cambium iv. has most of the eustel? |
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1st true roots
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progymnosperms U. Dev.
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1st arborescence
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eospermatopteris M. Dev
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1st seed habit
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elksinia U. Dev
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Hydropteridales
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ferns in the water
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integemunt organization and salpynx
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as integument grew to cover and form a micropyle, a salpynx was no longer needed
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elkinsiaceae leaf
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siphonopteris
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Oliver and Scott
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declared lagenostoma had fern foliage and ovules, said they had the capitate grands on capule and rachis
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rothwell
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showed how reproduction with seeds happened
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A. G. Long
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described early ovules and showed the evolution of cupules from lobed to fused
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