Paleo Vertebrae Final

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Thrinaxidon

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Thrinaxodon was a cynodont, a cat-sized mammal-like "reptile". Pits on the skull indicate that Thrinaxodon had whiskers and, therefore probably also had a covering of fur. There are suggestions that it was warm-blooded. Even so, it still had a reptilian skeleton and laid eggs.

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Monotreme

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mammals that lay eggs, platypus

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Marsupial

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Young are born partially developed
Marsupials are an infraclass of mammals, characterized by a distinctive pouch (called the marsupium), in which females carry their young through early infancy.

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Placentals

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Young born fully developed. Marsupials also have a placenta but the placenta of marsupials is short lived.

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triconodont

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3 cones per tooth, more surface area is advantagous,

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Symmetrodont

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bent that tooth to triangular form
^
-^ ^-

increasing sheering and crushing
there is a basin
chewing up food before allows for faster disgestion

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Multituberculate

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convergent w/ rodents- filled niche
modified triconodont, but have multiple rows

http://cumuseum.colorado.edu/Exhibits/BioLounge/Images/multituberculate1_tn.jpg

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Tribosphenic molar

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Tribosphenic: This kind is found in insectivores and young platypuses (adults have no teeth). Upper molars look like three-pointed mountain ranges; lowers look like two peaks and a third off to the side.

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Trigonid

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he trigonid, or shearing end
in modern mammals this is towards the front

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Talonid

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and the talonid, or crushing heel

in modern mammals this is towards the back

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Brachydont

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Brachydont is a type of dentition characterized by low-crowned teeth, as opposed to high-crowned, hypsodont teeth. Human teeth are brachydont.

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Hypsodont

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Hypsodont dentition is characterized by high-crowned teeth and enamel which extends past the gum line [1]. This provides extra material for wear and tear. Some examples of animals with hypsodont dentition are cows, horses and deer; all animals that feed on gritty, fibrous material. The opposite condition is called brachydont.

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bunodont

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Having tubercles or rounded cusps on the molar teeth, as in humans.

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Seleodont

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Denoting an animal, or man, having teeth, as the human molars, with longitudinal crescent-shaped ridges.

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lophodont

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lophodont Applied to cheek teeth (molars), found in some Mammalia, in which the cusps are fused to form transverse ridges (lophs) that aid the mastication of plant material. See also BILOPHODONTY.

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Diprotodont

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Diprotodontia (pronounced /daɪˌproʊtɵˈdɒnti.ə, -ˈdɒnʃə/; Greek, meaning "two front teeth") is a large order of about 120 marsupial mammals including the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, koala, wombats, and many others. Extinct diprotodonts include the rhinoceros-sized Diprotodon, and Thylacoleo, the so-called "marsupial lion"

The diprotodont jaw is short, usually with 3 pairs of upper incisors (wombats, like rodents have only one pair), and no lower canines.

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polyprodont

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any marsupial of the group Polyprotodontia, characterized by four or more upper incisor teeth on each side of the jaw: includes the opossums and bandicoots

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Tasmanian wolf

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marsupial, skulls look like dog skulls except for teeth

(marsupials placentals)
3 - 5 3 incisors
1 1 canine
3 4 premolars
4 3 molars

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Thylacoleo

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Thylacoleo ("Pouch Lion") is an extinct genus of carnivorous marsupials that lived in Australia from the late Pliocene to the late Pleistocene (2 million to 46 thousand years ago). Some of these "marsupial lions" were the largest mammalian predators in Australia of that time, with Thylacoleo carnifex approaching the weight of a small lion.

CONVERGENT WITH SABER TOOTH
marsupial equivalent of a cat

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dingo

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came from domestic dogs

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Xenarthra

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he superorder Xenarthra is a group of placental mammals (infraclass Eutheria), extant today only in the Americas.
Xenarthra includes the anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos, as well as the extinct ground sloths, glyptodonts and pampatheres.

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Ungulate

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large grass eating, tendency towards hooves

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Litoptern

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The Litopterna ("Simple Ankles") is an order of fossil hoofed mammals (ungulates) from the Tertiary period that displays toe reduction. Three-toed, and even a one-toed horselike form developed.

ONLY FOUND IN SOUTH AMERICA

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Notoungulate

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Notoungulata is an extinct order of heavy bodied, hoofed mammalian ungulate which inhabited South America and Asia. Most diverse ungulates. Rabbit looking, wombat looking,

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Astrapotherium

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Astrapotherium magnum ("Great Lightning Beast") was an extinct South American mammal which vaguely resembled a cross between a small elephant, and a very large tapir. It may have fed on marsh plants. This peculiar-looking animal was unrelated to modern elephants, and was, instead, related to other extinct South American ungulates.

MAY HAVE HAD TRUNK
high nostrils show this

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Pyrothe

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Pyrotherium ('fire beast') is an extinct genus of South American ungulate, of the order Pyrotheria, that lived in what is now Argentina, during the Early Oligocene. It was named "Fire Beast" because the first specimens were excavated from an ancient volcanic ashfall.

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Carnivora

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Carnivorans are primarily terrestrial and usually have strong sharp claws, with never fewer than four toes to each foot, and well-developed prominent canine teeth and cheek teeth (premolars and molars) that generally have cutting edges.

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Chiroptera

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bats
Bats are flying nocturnal mammals in the order Chiroptera (pronounced /kaɪˈrɒptərə/). The forelimbs of bats are webbed and developed as wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight.

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Insectivora

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In the past, the grouping was used as a scrapbasket for a variety of small to very small, relatively unspecialised, insectivorous mammals. Since any primitive-looking fossil groups of placental mammals were commonly assigned to this order for convenience, it was held to constitute the basal stock out of which other placental orders had evolved. At its widest extent, therefore, the order Insectivora was polyphyletic and cannot be considered a clade.

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Artiodactyl

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any member of the mammalian order Artiodactyla, or even-toed ungulates, which includes the pigs (see table), peccaries, hippopotamuses, camels, chevrotains, deer, giraffes, pronghorn, antelopes, sheep (see table), goats (see table), and cattle (see beef and dairy tables). It is o

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Cervid

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Any of various hoofed mammals of the family Cervidae, which includes the deer and elk. Male cervids typically grow antlers that are shed yearly.

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Bovid

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A bovid is any of almost 140 species of cloven-hoofed mammals belonging to the family Bovidae. The family is widespread, being native to all continents except South America, Australia and Antarctica, and diverse: members include bison, African Buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskox, and domestic cattle.

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Metapodial

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(anatomy, zoology) Of or pertaining to the human metacarpal bones (between the wrist and fingers) or the metatarsal bones (between the ankle and toes); of or pertaining to the equivalent bones in animals.

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Astragalus

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Astagalus is a bone in the ankle. Its articulation with the calcaneum is
what differentiates crocodilomorphs from other archosaurs, especially
dinosaurs.

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Perissodactyl

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The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and grazing mammals such as horses, tapirs and rhinoceroses whose hooves each feature an odd number of toes. The middle toe on each hoof is also usually larger than its neighbors. Together, odd-toed ungulates form the order Perissodactyla.

They are relatively large and, unlike the ruminant even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), they have relatively simple stomachs. This is because they are hindgut fermenters, digesting plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomachs.

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Tapir

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perissodactyl, brain:loph
browse- forests
mexico--> south america
evolved in north america

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Rhinoceros

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perisodactyls - 3 toes
horns made of hair
brachiloph teeth - very diverse, originally in North America

Brontotures are another rhino like group

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Equus

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Equines are medium to large mammals, with long heads, and necks with a mane. Their legs are slender and end in a single, unguligrade toe, protected by a horny hoof. They have long, slender, tails, either ending in a tuft, or entirely covered in flowing hair. They are adapted to generally open terrain, from plains and savannas, to mountains or deserts.
Equus is a genus of animals in the family Equidae that includes horses, donkeys, and zebras.

PERISSODACTYL - one toe
teeth becoming hypso and lopho

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Mesohippus

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is an extinct genus of horses

Unlike earlier horses, its teeth contained a single gap behind the front teeth, where the bit now rests in the modern horse. In addition, it had another grinding tooth, making a total of six. Mesohippus was a browser that fed on tender twigs and fruit[1]. The cerebral hemisphere, or cranial cavity, was notably larger than that of its predecessors; its brain was similar to that of modern horses.us of early horse

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Merychippus

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Merychippus is an extinct proto-horse of the family Equidae that was endemic to North America during the Miocene from 20.43—10.3 Ma living for approximately 10.13 million years.[1]

It had three toes on each foot and is the first horse known to have grazed. Its name means "ruminant horse", but it is not now thought that Merychippus ruminated.

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Microchiroptera

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ther English names are "insectivorous bats", "echolocating bats", "small bats" or "true bats". All these names are somewhat inaccurate, because not all microbats feed on insects, and some of them are larger than small megabats.

The distinctions between microbats and megabats are:

* Microbats use echolocation, whereas megabats do not typically (The Egyptian fruit bat Rousettus egyptiacus is an exception).
* Microbats lack the claw at the second toe of the forelimb.
* The ears of microbats don't form a closed ring, but the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear.
* Microbats lack the underfur; they have only guard hairs or are naked.

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Megachiroptera

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They are also referred to as fruit bats, old world fruit bats, or flying foxes. According to the most commonly used classification, megabats constitute a single suborder Megachiroptera, within the order Chiroptera (bats).

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Echolocation

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Echolocating animals emit calls out to the environment and listen to the echoes of those calls that return from various objects in the environment. They use these echoes to locate, range, and identify the objects. Echolocation is used for navigation and for foraging (or hunting) in various environments.

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Pliohippus

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Pliohippus is an extinct genus of Equidae, the "horse family". Pliohippus arose in the middle Miocene, around 12 million years ago, probably from Calippus. It was similar in appearance to Equus,[citation needed] but had two long extra toes on both sides of the hoof, externally barely visible as callused stubs. The long and slim limbs of Pliohippus reveal a quick-footed steppe animal.

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Hyracotherium

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his small, dog-sized animal is the oldest know horse and was once considered to be the earliest known member of the Equidae[2] before the type species was reclassified as a palaeothere, of a perissodactyl family related to both horses and brontotheres. The species is now extinct.

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Carnassial

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Carnassials are large teeth found in many carnivorous mammals, used for shearing flesh and bone in a scissor or shear-like way. In the Carnivora, the carnassials are the modified last upper premolar and the first lower molar, but in the prehistoric creodonts, the carnassials were further back in the jaw — first upper and second lower or second upper and third lower molars.

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Diastema

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Diastema (plural diastemata) is a gap or space between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars.
(Horse)

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Proboboscidean

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Proboscidea is an order containing one living family, Elephantidae,

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Gomphothere

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Gomphotheriidae is a diverse taxonomic family of extinct elephant-like animals (proboscideans), called gomphotheres
omphotheres differed from elephants in their tooth structure, particularly the chewing surfaces on the molar teeth. Most had four tusks, and their retracted facial and nasal bones prompt paleontologists to believe that gomphotheres had elephant-like trunks. The early gomphotheres, such as Phiomia, had elongated upper and lower jaws, with relatively short tusks. Two lineages appear to have arisen from these ancestors.

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American Mastodon

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Their teeth had blunt cones. Mastodons probably used these teeth, as well as their tusks, to browse on herbs, shrubs, and trees. This drawing shows a side view and a top view of a typical upper third molar of an American mastodon.

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Mammoth

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hese proboscideans are members of Elephantidae, the family of elephants and mammoths, and close relatives of modern elephants. They were often equipped with long curved tusks and, in northern species, a covering of long hair.

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Bunodont

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Having tubercles or rounded cusps on the molar teeth, as in humans.

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Canids

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is the biological family of carnivorous and omnivorous mammals that includes the wolves, foxes, jackals, coyotes, and the domestic dog; a

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Felids

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s the biological family of the cats; a member of this family is called a felid or feline

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horn

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A horn is a pointed projection of the skin on the head of various animals, consisting of a covering of horn (keratin and other proteins) surrounding a core of living bone

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Armadillo

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Armadillos are small placental mammals, known for having a leathery armor shell.

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ground sloths

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Ground sloths are a diverse group of extinct sloths,
Sloths, and xenarthrans as a whole, represent one of the more successful South American groups during the Great American Biotic Interchange. During the interchange, many more taxa moved from North America into South America than in the other direction. At least five genera of ground sloths have been identified in North American fossils; these are examples of successful immigration to the north.

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Glyptodont

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Glyptodonts were large, more heavily-armored relatives of extinct pampatheres and modern armadillos.
Not flexiable!!

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Phytolith

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A phytolith ("plant stone") is a rigid microscopic body that occurs in many plants.

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Hind Gut Digestion

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large portion of digestion of fiber occurs in the large intestine?

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Bering Land Bridge

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what people came across

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Great American Interchange

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The Great American Interchange was an important paleozoogeographic event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America via Central America to South America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the formerly separated continents. The migration peaked dramatically around three million years (Ma) ago (in the Piacenzian, the 1 st half of the Upper Pliocene).

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Pleistocene extinction

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Approximately 11,000 years ago a variety of animals went extinct across North America. These were mostly mammals larger than approximately 44 kg (about 100 pounds). Some of the animals that went extinct are well known (like saber-toothed cats, mammoths, and mastodons). Others were less well known animals (like the short-faced skunk and the giant beaver). Some animals went extinct in North America but survived elsewhere, for example, horses and tapirs.

Before this extinction the diversity of large mammals in North America was similar to that of modern Africa. As a result of the extinction, relatively few large mammals are now found in North America.

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GIANT BEAVER

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Castoroides or Giant Beaver is an extinct genus of enormous beavers that lived in North America during the Pliocene