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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pain may be described in terms of ____________, ____________, ___________, and ______________.
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location
duration intensity etiology |
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Pain arising from the internal organs.
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Visceral pain
(often presents as referred pain--being perceived in an area remote from the organ causing the pain.) subcategory of physiological pain tends to be poorly located, has pressing, throbbing, cramping, aching qualities |
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Pain that lasts only through the expected recovery period
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acute pain
(still considered acute even if it has sudden or slow onset...as long as recovery eradicates it.) |
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Recurrent or persistant pain that lasts 6 months or longer and interferes with functioning
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chronic pain
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Physiologic and behavioral responses to Acute Pain
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mild to severe
sympathetic nervous system responses: increased pulse increased resp. rate elevated BP diaphoresis dilated pupils Related to tissue injury: resolves with healing client is restless, anxious client reports pain client exhibits behavior indicative of pain-crying, rubbing or holding area. |
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Physiologic and behavioral responses to Chronic Pain
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mild to severe
Parasympathetic nervous system responses: vital signs are normal dry, warm skin pupils normal or dilated Client appears depressed and withdrawn Client often does not mention pain unless asked pain behavior is often absent |
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This type of pain is experienced when an intact, properly functioning nervous system sends signals that tissues are damaged, requiring attention and proper care.
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Physiological pain
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Pain that originates in the skin, bones, muscles, or connective tissue.
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Somatic pain
ie: sharp sensation of a paper cut or aching of a sprained ankle (subcategory of physiological pain) |
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Pain experienced by people who have damaged or malfunctioning nerves.
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Neuropathic pain
ie: due to illness-postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy due to injury-spinal cord injury, phantom limb pain |
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Subtypes of neuropathic pain
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neuropathic pain is divided into subtypes based on the part of the nervous system believed to be damaged:
Peripheral neuropathic pain-damage of peripheral nerves...phantom limb, carpal tunnel, postherpetic neuralgia Central neuropathic pain-malfunctioning nerves in the CNS...spinal cord injury, poststroke pain, MS Sympathetically maintained pain-abnormal connections between pain fibers and the sympathetic nervous system perpetuates problems with both the pain and sympathetically controlled functions...edema, temperature, blood flow regulation. |
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How does neuropathic pain typically manifest?
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It is usually chronic.
described as burning, "electric shock", tingling, dull, and aching. Possible episodes of sharp, shooting pain. |
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Least amount of stimuli that is needed for a person to label a sensation as pain.
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pain threshold
differs from person to person, also can vary with age, gender, or race. However, it changes little over time in the same individual. |
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maximum amount of painful stimuli that a person is willing to withstand without seeking avoidance of the pain or relief
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pain tolerance
varies from person to person and even within the same person at different times and with different circumstances. |
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heightened response to painful stimuli (severe pain with minor injury such as paper cut)
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hyperalgesia or hyperpathia
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condition in which nonpainful stimuli produces pain
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allodynia
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unpleasant, abnormal sensation
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dysesthesia
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a pain state (generally severe) for which there is no cure possible after accepted medical evaluation and treatments have been implemented. Focus turns to pain reduction, functional improvement, and enhancement of quality of life.
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Intractable pain
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Four physiologic processes take place from the time of stimulus to actually feeling pain. Collectively, these processes are referred to as NOCICEPTION. What are the 4 processes?
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transduction
transmission modulation perception |
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Specialized pain receptors, or nociceptors, can be excited by 3 types of stimuli... what are these three and give examples of each.
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Mechanical-
trauma (ie-surgery) alterations in body tissue (ie-edema) blockage of a duct tumor muscle spasm Thermal- extreme heat or cold Chemical- tissue ischemia (ie-blocked coronary artery.) muscle spasm |
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What takes place during transduction?
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noxious stimuli excites the nociceptors (the extreme heat of a cooking pan touches the skin)
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What takes place during transmission?
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transmission is the 2nd process of nociception. It includes 3 segments:
pain impulse travels from the peripheral nerve to the spinal cord. The second segment is transmission from the spinal cord to the brain stem and thalamus. The third segment involves transmission of signals from the thalamus to the somatic sensory cortex where pain perception occurs. |
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What takes place during modulation?
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neurons in the thalamus and brain stem send signals back down to the spinal cord.
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what takes place during perception?
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Perception is the final process of nociception. Client becomes aware of the pain.
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what does COLDERR stand for?
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C-character
O-onset L-location D-duration E-exacerbation R-relief R-radiation COLDERR is a mnemonic for pain assessment |
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What is the FLACC scale?
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an assessment tool used to determine presence of pain in children 2 months to 7 years.
It rates pain behaviors manifested in.. Facial expressions Leg movement Activity Cry Consolability each is given a score from 0-10 |
