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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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acute pain
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sudden or slow onset, regardless of the intensity
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chronic pain
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prolonged
recurring over 6 months or longer interferes with functioning |
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cutaneous
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originates in the skin or subcutaneous tissue
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deep somatic
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arises form ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, and nerves
diffuse and tends to last longer than cutaneous pain |
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visceral pain
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results from stimulation of pain receptors in the abdominal cavity, cranium, and thorax.
appears to be diffuse and feel like deep somatic pain (burning, aching, feeling of pressure) |
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radiating
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the source of the pain and extends to nearby tissues
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referred pain
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pain felt in a part of the body that is considerably removed from the tisues causing the pain
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intractable
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highly resistant to relief
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neuropathic
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result of current or past damge to the peripheral or central nervous system and may not have a stimulus
can be long last, unpleasant described as burning, dull, and aching or have episodes of sharp, shooting pain |
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phantom
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painful sensation perceived in a body part that is missing
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pain threshold
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amount of pain stimulation a person requires in order to feel the pain
aka pain sensation |
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hyperalgesia
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excessive sensitivity to pain
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pain reaction
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includes the autonomic nervous system and behavioral responses to pain
autonomic - automatic reaction of the body behavioral - learned response use to cope w/ pain |
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pain tolerance
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the maximum amount and duration of pain that an individual is willing to endure
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nociceptors
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receptors that transmit pain sensation
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transduction
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noxious stimuli (tissue injury) trigger the release of biochemical mediators that sensitive nocicpetors
pain meds that block the production of prostaglands (ibuprofen) or decrease the movement of ions across the cell membrane (local anesthetic) can block this |
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transmission
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transmission of pain
pain impulse travels from the peripheral nerve fibers to the spinal cord --> brain stem and thalamus --> somatic sensory cortex can be controlled with opioids |
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perception
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when the client becomes conscious of the pain
distraction, music, imagery works to help direct attention away from the pain |
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modulation
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when neurons in the brain stem sends signals back down to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and can inhibits the noxious (painful) impulses from ascending.
tricyclic antidepressants are prescribed. |
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infant
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perceives pain
responds to pain with increased sensitivity older infant tries to avoid pain give a glucose pacifier or use tactile stimulation |
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toddler and preschooler
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develops the ability to describe pain adn its intensity and location
often responds with crying and anger b/c child perceives pain as a trheat to security reasoning is not always successful may consider pain as punishment feels sad may learn that there are gender differences in pain expression distract the child w/ toys, use magic, hold the child to provide comfort, explore misconceptions about pain |
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school-age child
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tries to be brave when facing pain
rationalizes in attempts to explain the pain can usually identify the location and describe the pain if persistant pain, may regress to earlier stage of development use imagery to turn off "pain switches" provide a behavioral rehearsal of what to expect and how it will look and feel. provide support and nurturing, |
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adolescent
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may be slow to acknowledge pain, recognizing or "giving in" to pain is weaksauce. wants to be brave
try discussing it, give privacy, use tv or music for distraction |
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adult
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can be gender-based behaviors learned as a child
may ignore pain because to admit it is perceived as a sign of weakness or failure fear of what pain means may prevent some adults from taking action deal w/ any misconception about pain, diminsh fears and anxiety if possible |
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elder
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may have multiple conditions presenting with vague symptoms
may perceive pain as the aging process lethargy, anorexia, and fatigue may be indicators of pain may withhold complains of pain b/c of fear of the treatment, of any lifestyle changes that may be invovlved, or becoming dependent may describe pain differently may consider it unacceptable to admit or show pain spend time with client and listen carefully clarify misconceptions, encourage independence whenever possible. |
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10 point pain scale
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0 - no pain
2 - mild pain 4 - moderate pain 6 - severe pain 8 - very severe pain 10 - worst possible pain |
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PCA
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interactive method of pain management that permits clients to treat their pain by self-administering doses of analgesics.
can result in respiratory depression or hypotension |
