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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is pain?
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an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
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What is subjective pain?
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response to both physical and psychological stressors
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What is acute pain?
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-6 months or less
-due to injury, trauma, infection -has short duration |
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What is Chronic Pain?
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-greater tahn 6 months
-caused by cancer, arthritis, traumatic injury |
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What is Intractable Pain
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describes pain that cannot be relieved and no effective treatment
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What is the Gate Control Theory?
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-pain is transmitted to spinal cord thru small fibers, when small fibers stimulated the gate opens and transmission of impulses and pain perceived
-Example: tissue damage |
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What is the pain Threshold?
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level of intensity that causes sensation or feeling of pain
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What is pain Tolerance?
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amount of pain patient is willing to endure before taking action to relieve pain
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What are the Sympathetic Responses?
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-increased B/P, P, R
-pallor -perspiration -dilated pupils |
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What is the Parasympathetic Responses?
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-decreased B/P, P, R
-constipation -urinary retention -constricted pupils |
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What are signs and symptoms of pain?
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-increased B/P, P, R
-decreased mobility -sweating -pallor -restlessness -irritability -muscle tension -crying |
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Assessment of Pain
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-listen and clarify patient
-determine status of pain -describe pain: location, quality, intensity, aggravating factors, relieving factors -examine site -identify coping mechanisms -record assessment and evaluation |
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What is Referred Pain
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pain experienced in location other than the source
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What are some nonpharmaceutical interventions?
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-heat/cold
-comfort measures -relaxation -imagery -tens -massage |
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What are some pharmacologic interventions?
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-Sedative and Hypnotics:
*depress CNS *sedatives decrease nervousness, calm effect *hypnotics induce sleep, more potent affect on CNS |
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Classification:
Barbiturates |
What they do: treat insomnia and produce sedation, high potential for dependency, CNS depressant
S/S: respiratory depression, drowsiness, nausea, dizziness, confusion Teaching: report s/e, avoid driving, do not stop abruptly, take as prescribed Examples: Amytal, Phenobarbital |
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Classification:
Benzodiazepines |
What they do: reduce anxiety, depress CNS
*anxiolytics *sedative/hypnotic *most frequently used *advantage over barbs: safer S/S: drowsy, dizzy, disorientation, N/V Antagonist: Romazicon Examples: Dalmane, Resteril, Halcion |
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Classification:
Opioids |
What they do: relieve pain for moderate to severe pain, act on receptors of CNS
S/S: decrease B/P, N/V, respiratory depression, constipation Example: Codeine, Dilaudid, Demerol, morphine, Fentynal |
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Classification:
Nonopioids |
What they do: NSAIDS, relieve pain, antiinflammatory
S/S: stomach irritation, cramping, increased bleeding time, heart burn Teaching: watch patient's for bleeding and GI irritation Examples: ASA, Tylenol, motrin, torodol, orudis |
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Classification:
Local Anesthetics |
What they do: provides skeletal muscle relaxant
post anesthesia; motor function returns before sensory function, watch for safety with no sense of feel Exapmles: xylocaine, lidocaine |
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Classification:
General Anesthetics |
What they do: depress consciousness, acts on CNS to abolish pain perception
S/S: N/V, confusion, decreased B/P, cardiac depression, malignant hyperthermia Post anesthesia: VS, O2 sat, T, BS, check dressing, check IV lines, safety measures, orient to environment Example: nitrous, ethrane |
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Classification:
Conscious Sedation |
What they do: IV, awareness with loss of reflexes
Complications: respirator depression, apnea, decreased B/P N/I: VS, O2 sat, check airway, LOC, document, watch for complications |
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What is important ot remember in the elderly patient with pain medications?
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-decreased urinary output
-decreased liver metabolism for drugs -decreased narcotic dose d/t increased confusion -take longer to regain strength -increased chronic health problems |
