Pahtology

Front 1

Emphysema

Back 1

enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole with destruction of airspace walls and lack of significant fibrosis

Front 2

Types of emphysema

Back 2

panacinar, centrilobular, paraseptal, irregular

Front 3

Panacinar emphysema

Back 3

alpha 1 antitrypsin defficiency, involves entire lobule equally

Front 4

Centrolobular emphysema

Back 4

only central parts of acini involved, distal parts are not, in heavy smokers, usually with chronic bronchitis

Front 5

Paraseptal emphysema

Back 5

Distal part of acinus involved, proximal normal, underlying cause of pneumothorax in young adults

Front 6

Irregular emphysema

Back 6

with scarring, no specific pattern

Front 7

COPD

Back 7

emphysema + chronic bronchitis, may also include asthma and bronchiectasis

Front 8

Epidemiology emphysema

Back 8

men, heavy smokers, COPD 4th leading cause of morbidity and mortality

Front 9

Pathogenesis emphysema

Back 9

balance interruption between proteases and protease inhibitors, smoking accumulates PNL's and macrophages which release protease and destroy alpha 1 antitrypsin

Front 10

Symptoms emphysema

Back 10

dyspnea, pink puffers, weight loss, barrel chest, airflow limitation on expiration(spirometry)

Front 11

what causes death in patients with emphysema

Back 11

respiratory failure, CHF, pneumothorax

Front 12

Chronic bronchitis

Back 12

Persistent cough with sputum production for 3 months for at least 2 consecutive years

Front 13

Pathogenesis chronic bronchitis

Back 13

chronic irritation of bronchal mucosa (smoking, silica) , increase in goblet cells, hyper mucous secretion, small airways obstruction, infections are 2ndary (exacerbate)

Front 14

Reid index

Back 14

ratio of the thickness of the wall and mucous membrane to thickness of epithelium and cartilage , increases in chronic bronchitis (normal 0.4)

Front 15

Clinical chronic bronchitis

Back 15

cyanosis, productive cough, blue bloaters

Front 16

Asthma

Back 16

chronic inflammatory disease characterized by paroxysmal bronchospasms, associated with bronchoconstriction and airflow limitation, reversible, attacks of dyspnea, wheezing, cough

Front 17

Extrinsic asthma

Back 17

hypersensitivity I, antigen mediated

Front 18

Intrinsic asthma

Back 18

diverse non immune mechanisms (drugs, exercise,cold)

Front 19

Asthma pathogenesis

Back 19

mediated by mast cell factors(leuktrienes, bradykinin, histamine, prostaglandins)

Front 20

Atopic asthma

Back 20

IgE mediated hypersensitivity, worse in children

Front 21

drug induced assthma

Back 21

aspirin causes asthmatic attack + urticaria

Front 22

Bronchiectasis

Back 22

chronic necrotizing infection of bronchi and bronchioles leads to abnormal dilatation of airways, rare

Front 23

Symptoms bronchiectasis

Back 23

dyspnea, orthopnea, severe persistent cough, foul smelling sputum

Front 24

Etiology bronchiectasis

Back 24

CF, Kartagener synddrome, bronchial obstruction (tumor, foreign body), TB, immunodefficiency)

Front 25

Kartagener syndrome

Back 25

immotile cilia, situs inversus

Front 26

Pulmonary infections are caused by

Back 26

loss of cough reflex, decrease in IgA secretion, bronchial obstruction, pulmonary edema, loss of phagocytic function

Front 27

Bacterial Pneumonia

Back 27

can be bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia

Front 28

Bronchopneumonia

Back 28

patches of consolidation (exudative solidification of lung parenchyma)

Front 29

Lobar pneumonia

Back 29

suppurative exudate, large area of lobe consolidated, stages - congestion, red hepatization, grey hepat., resolution

Front 30

Complication of bacterial pneumonia

Back 30

Abscess (necrosis of lung parenchyma), empyema (pus in pleural space), organization (fibrosis with loss of functional lung parenchyma), bacteremia

Front 31

Atypical pneumonia

Back 31

viral and mycoplasmal, interstitial(within alveoli), no consolidation

Front 32

Aspiration pneumonia

Back 32

aspiration of gastric contents

Front 33

Nosocomial pneumonia

Back 33

hospital acquired pneumonia

Front 34

Lung abscess

Back 34

localized suppurative infiltration of the lung, can be from aspiration of bacteria, complication of bronchiectasis, lung CA, septic embolism, need to rule out CA if found, seen on x ray

Front 35

Pneumoconiosis

Back 35

non neoplstic lung reaction to inhalation of fumes, vapors, organic and inorganic particles

Front 36

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Back 36

immune mediated lung disorder caused by prolonged exposure to inhalation of organic dusts (Farmers lung)

Front 37

Sarcoidosis

Back 37

non caseating granuloma, unknown etiology, mediastinal lymph node enlargement, skin lesions, ocular involvement (iritis), muscle involvement