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260 Cards in this Set
- Front
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- 3rd side (hint)
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DIARTHROIDAL p 688.
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Most joints are. Freely moving articulations enclosed by a capsule of fibrous articular cartilage, ligaments & cartilage covering the ends of the opposing bones. A synovial membrane lines the articular cavity. Bursae develop between tendons, ligaments, & bones to promote ease of motion at points where friction would otherwise occur.
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OLECRANON
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Elbow bone.
Ulna |
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Rotator cuff muscles.
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SITS
Supraspinatus Infraspinatous Teres Minor Subscapularis |
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carpals
metacarpals phalanges. Thumb has how many? |
wrist bones
hand bones finger bones |
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Acromion process
Coracoid process |
Acromion: upper outer scapular spine
Coracoid process: finger-like bone coming forward from under the scapular spine |
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Articular tubercle
Condyle of M Articular disc |
(condyle of mandilble)
TMJ TMJ = articluation of the mandible & the temoporal bone in the cranium. |
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sternocleomastoid
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muscle from sternum to posterior auricle
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Center of intervertebral disc
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Nucleus pulposus
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elbow
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articulation of the humerus, radius, ulna
A hinge joint |
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Radius is on __________side
Ulna is on _________side |
radius - thumb side
uLna - Little finger side |
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CONDYLOID joint
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permits movement in two planes (flexion & extension)
EX: metacarpophalangeal jnts |
Condi (condoleeza) Rice on 2 airplanes
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radiocalpal joint
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wrist.
articulation of the radius & carpal bones. Additional articulations - between the proximal & distal row of carpal bones |
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hip joint is articulation between
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acetabulum & femur
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hip joint is supported by
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3 strong ligaments which help stabilize & protect head of femur in joint capsule
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ball & socket joint
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EX hip
allows movement on many axes |
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hinge joint
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EX knee
allows movment on one plane (flexion & exension) |
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fibrocartilagenous discs that cushion femur & tibia
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medial & lateral menisci
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ACL prevents knee from
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hyperextension
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tibiotalor joint
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ankle
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talocalcaneal joint (subtalor)
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permits pivot/rotation of ankle
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hinge joint
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EX knee
allows movment on one plane (flexion & exension) |
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fibrocartilagenous discs that cushion femur & tibia
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medial & lateral menisci
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ACL prevents knee from
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hyperextension
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tibiotalor joint
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ankle
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talocalcaneal joint (subtalor)
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permits pivot/rotation of ankle (pronation & supination)
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epyphses
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grown plates. Ligaments are stronger than bone until adolescence, so injuries to long bones & joints will more likely be breaks than strains.
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Last epiphysis closes at what age
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20
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Joints in foot
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talonavicular (transverse tarsal)
tarsometatarsal metatarsalphalangeal joint Tarsals are close to the Toes |
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Cerebral cortex
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higher mental functions/general movement/perception/behavior/integration of these fxn
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frontal lobe
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voluntary skeletal movements, fine repetitive motor movements, eye movements
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parietal lobe
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processing sensory data
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occipital lobe
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primary vision center
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temporal lobe
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perception & interpretation of sounds
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limbic system
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smell, primitive behaviors ie, mating, aggression, fear, affection
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damage to Wernicke's area
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receptive aphasia
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cerebellum
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aids motor cortex of cerebrum in voluntary movement integration, reflex, equilibrium, posture
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brainstem
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Medulla oblongata, midbrain, & diencephalon.
Nuclei of 12 cranial nerves arise here. |
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diencephalon
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includes the thalamus, hypothalamus
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thalamus
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pain & temperature
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pons
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relay station
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spinal cord length
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framen magnum to L1 or L2
40-50 cm long |
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upper motor neurons
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orginate & terminate in CNS
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lower motor neurons
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originate in anterior horn of spinal cord & extend into the PNS.
Injury - often paralysis |
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how many pairs of spinal nerves?
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31
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most brain growth & myelination of nerves & spinal cord occur when?
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1st yr of life
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Cranial nerves - 6 cardinal points of gaze
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III oculomotor
IV trochlear VI abducens |
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CN V
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Trigeminal
facial muscle atrophy, deviation of jaw to one side, fasciculations, assymetrical facial muscle tone |
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To test trigeminal
CN V |
cotton swab to cornea
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CN VII
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Facial
raise eyebrows, squeeze eyes shut, wrinkle forehead, frown, smile, show teeth, puff out cheeks |
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CN VIII
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vestibulocochlear = acoustic
balance |
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To test CN VIII
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Vestibulocochlear
1. Hearing test 2. ROMBERG TEST stand with feet together, arms at sides, eyes open & shut |
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Romberg test
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balance, CN VIII, vestibulocochlear
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CN IX
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Glossopharyngeal
Taste over posterior 1/3 of tonge. Gag reflex. |
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CN X
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Vagus
Swallow Symmetry of soft palate & uvula. Gag reflex |
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CN XI
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Spinal Accessory
Trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles |
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CNXII
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Hypoglossal
Move tongue up, down, rt, left. Push tongue in cheek. |
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RAPID RHYTHMIC ALTERNATING MOVEMENTS
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pat knees front & back of hands
Touch thumb to each finger |
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ACCURACY OF MOVEMENTS
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Eyes open.
1. Alternate with index finger: touch nose & my finger (reposition). Alternate hands & increase speed. 2. Heel-to-shin test. |
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Romberg Test
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for equilibrium.
Stand with feet tog, hands at sides with eyes open & closed. |
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GAIT
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no shuffling, foot flop, etc.
Heel-toe walking frontwards & backwards |
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below umbilicus, venous return is towards
above umbilicus, venous return is towards |
feet
head |
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how to identify a strangulated herna
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it is nonreducible
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what are #1 & #2 in abd exam?
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inspection
ascultation |
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Neg bowel sounds only after listening -
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5 minutes of continuous listening
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listen with bell or diapragm in epigastric region
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bell
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listen with bell or diaphragm over liver & spleen
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HINT:liver & spleen are close to the diaphragm
Ans: diaphragm |
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what sound is predominant in the abdomen?
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typany, because air is present in the stomach & intestines
p 537 |
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what is heard over organs & masses?
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dullness
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upper liver boarder begins where?
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intercostal space 5-7
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usual vertical liver span
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6-12 cm
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spleen is percussed where?
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posterior to axillary, L side, ribs 6-10
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how to palpate abd organs
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deep palpation.
using palmar surgace, pressing deeply & evenly into abdominal wall |
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what findings suggest umbilical hernia
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incomplete or soft in center
p 543 |
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Murphy sign
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Hint: think Bill Murphy quits breathing when he dives into the cold lake.
a deep breath during deep palpation. As inflamed gallbladder comes in contact with examining fingers, pt will have pain & abruptly stop breathing. |
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aortic aneurism is suggested by
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a prominant lateral pulsation on palpation
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dx abdominal pain
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pt points to umbilical - not serious.
pt points immediately to a fixed spot not near umbilicus-probably organic |
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McBurney sign
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Hint: think Barney in hosp with appendectomy
rebound tenderness & sharp pain when McBurney point is palpated. Appendicitis |
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Rovsing sign
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Hint: Rovsing - think roving
RLQ pain is intensified by LLQ abd palpation Peritoneal irritation, appy |
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hiatal hernia
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when part of stomachhas passed thru the esophageal hiatus in thediaphragm into the chest cavity.
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most common form of PUD
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duodenal
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gastric carcinomas are most often found where?
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in the lower half of the stomach
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colon ca usually occurs where?
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Rectum, sigmoid, lower descending
But can olso be in proximal colon. p571 |
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hepatitis
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an inflammatory process of the liver
characterized by diffuse or patchy hepatocellular necrosis |
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common causes of hepatitis
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viral, ETOH, drugs, toxins
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hepatitis sx
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clay-colored stools
tea-colored urine jaundice hepatomegaly anorexia abdominal & gastric discmfrt |
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self-limited hepatitis occurring after nat'l disasters due to fecal-contaminated H20 or food
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E
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cirrhosis
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destruction of the liver parenchyma
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cirrhosis paplation
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initially, liver is enlarged with firm, nontender border on paplation.
As scarring progresses, liver mass is reduced & cannot generally be palpated |
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cirrhosis sx
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light stools
dark urine jaundice ascites prominent abd vasculature, cutaneous spider angiomas, dark urine, light-colored stools, enlarged spleen p 572 |
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liver ca palpation
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enlarged with hard, irregular border. Nodules may be palpable.
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liver ca sx
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light stools
dark urine ascites, jaundice, anorexia, fatigue |
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cholelithiasis
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is responsible for most gallbladder diseases
sx: indigestion colic mild transient jaundice maybe acute cholecystitis & pancreatitis |
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how hepatitis is spread
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HAV: fecal-oral
HBV, HCV, HDV: blood, body fluids, sexual, perinatal HEV: fecal-oral |
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cholecystisis sx & how long they last
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pain in RUQ radiating around midtorso to right scapular region.
Abrupt severe pain lasts 2-4 hrs. page 574 |
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chronic pancreatitis sx
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constant, unremitting pain
epigastric tenderness wt loss steatorrhea glucose intolerance |
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splenic rupture sx
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LUQ pain with radiation to L shoulder (KEHR sign), hypovolemia, peritoneal irritation.
HINT: don't care/Kehr quite as much because you can live without a spleen |
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glomerulonephritis sx
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nonspecific sx
nausea malaise arthralgias hematuria pulm infiltrates |
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hydronephrosis sx
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Dilation of renal pelvis from back-pressure of urine that cannot flow past obstructed ureter. If infxn present:
fever pyuria (urine with pus) fever |
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renal abscess
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localized infx in kidney cortex
Sx: chills, fever, aching flanks. Fist percussion produces costovertebral angle tenderness. |
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renal calculi sx
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fever
hematuria flank pain that may extend to groin & genitals |
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intussesception
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prolapse of one segment of intestine into another, causing intestinal obstruction.
Common in infants 3-12 mos of age. |
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Meconium ileus of newborn is often the first sign of -
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Cystic fibrosis
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Hirschsprung disease
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Primary absence of parasymp ganglion cells in a segment of colon. Causes absence of peristalsis in that part leading to intestinal obstruction
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HUS
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hemolytic uremic syndrome
common cause of ARF in kids E coli 017:H7 olig- or anuria, fever, irritability, bloody diarrhea, maybe perforation. |
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Reversible causes of urinary incontinence.
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HINT: DRIP
Delirium, dehydration Rentention, restricted mobility Impaction, infection Polyuria, pharm, psychologic |
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3 main causes of fecal incontinence in elderly
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HINT: its no FUN
1. Fecal impaction 2. Underlying disease 3. Neruologic disorder |
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most common types of urinary incontinence in elderly
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Stress
Overflow Functional Urge |
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Vulva includes:
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mons pubis
labia majora labia minora clitoris vestibular glands vaginal vestibule vaginal orifice urethral opening |
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where are lamellae located?
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where labia minora meet at anterior of vulva
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upper & lower pairs of lamellae do what -
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Lower pair fuses to form the frenulum of the clitoris.
Upper pair forms the prepuce. |
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Clitoris is tucked between what?
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Frenulum & prepuce of the lamellae
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Posterior labia minora
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meet as 2 ridges that fuse to form the fourchette
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labia minora enclose the __________ which contains these 6 openings:
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Vestibule
1. Urethra 2. Vagina 3 & 4. ducts of Skene glands 5 & 6. ducts of Bartholin glands |
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Bartholin glands open where?
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posteriorly on each side of the vaginal orifice in the groove between the labia minora & the hymen
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The uterus sits between what?
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The bladder & the rectum
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The uterus usually sits how?
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inclined forward at a 45 degree angle.
But it may be anteverted, anteflexed, retroverted, or retroflexed. |
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the uterus is divided anatomically into the:
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Corpus and the Cervix
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Adnexa of the uterus
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fallopian tubes & ovaries
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Mesosalpinx
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Broad ligment that supports fallopian tubes.
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Internal female genetalia are supported by these 4 ligaments:
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HINT: CURB
Cardinal Uterosacral Round Broad |
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The 4 pelvic joints
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HINT: 4S
Symphysis pubis Sacrococcygeal 2 Sacroiliac joints |
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Why do pregnant women sometimes waddle?
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Estrogen & relaxin contribute to strengthening & elasticity of pelvic ligaments, & soften the cartilage.
Symphysis pubis separates appreciably. Pelvic joints separate slightly. |
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True pelvis
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Lower curve bony canal thru which the fetus must pass:
inlet cavity outlet |
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changes after menopause
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estrogen levels decrease
labia & clitoris become smaller labia majora become flatter as body fat is lost adrenal androgens & ovarian testosterone levels decrease vaginal introitus constricts vagina narrows, shortens, loses rugation vaginal mucosa becomes thin, pale, & dry cervix becomes smaller & paler ovaries decrease to 1-2 cm increase in body fat intraabdominal deposition of body fat total & LDL chol increase altered thermoregulation |
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menopause
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1 yr without menses
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Who should do genital self-examination (SGE)?
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sexually active persons who have had more than 1 partner or whose partner has.
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STI can be undetected for how long?
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years
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GSE: look for -
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1. Warts. May be small,bumpy spots. Left untreated could develop fleshy, cauliflower-like appearance.
2. Area around urinary/vag areas: looking for bumps, blisters, sores, warts 3. pain or burning on urination 4. pelvic pain 5. bleeding between periods 6. itchy rash around vagina 7. unusual discharge: yellow, thicker, may have an odor. |
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Position for pelvic exam is called -
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dorsal lithotomy
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Skene glands discharge indicates what?
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Gonorrea, maybe
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Nabothian cyst
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Small white or yellow raised, round areas on cervix.
Normal finding. |
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Bartholin cyst
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Fluid-filled cyst caused when Bartholin gland is blocked. Cysts are not sexually transmitted, though sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis or other bacterial infections can cause the cysts to become infected and become abscesses.
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DNA probe for chlamydia & gonorrhea
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Insert dacron swab into endocervical canal for 30 seconds. Remove swab & place in tube containing specimen reagent.
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3 common vag infections:
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Trichomonas vaginalis
bact vaginosis candidiasis |
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How to dx Trichomonas vaginalis
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swab of vag discharge on slide & add a drop of saline.
Place coverslip on slide & view trichomonads. |
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how to dx bacterial vaginosis
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same as above, except under coverslip you will see bacteria-filled epithelial cells (clue cells)
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How to dx candidia infxn
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KOH on slide, place slipcover on top. KOH dissolves epithelial cells & debris so you can visualize the mycelila of fungus.
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Vaginal specimens are obtained when during the exam?
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while speculum is in place but after the cervix & surrounding tissue have been inspected.
p 602 |
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Mittelschmerz
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HINT: Mittel -think middle of cycle, when ovulation occurs
Lower abd pain with ovulation. Onset: sudden Remission: spontaneous |
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Who should have a pap smear?
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You should have your first Pap smear about three years after first having sexual relations or at age 21, whichever comes first.
Then, pap tests at least every three years Annual with these risk factors: HIV infection Weakened immune system due to organ transplant, chemotherapy or chronic corticosteroid use |
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Who can consider stopping Pap smears?
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After a complete hysterectomy, unless it was for a precancerous or cancerous condition.
Source: mayohealth.com At 70 if she's had three negative tests in the last 10 years. |
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What is a syphilitic chancre?
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A firm, plainless ulcer. Most develop internally & often go undetected.
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What does cervical cancer look like?
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A hard granular surface at or near the cervical os. Early lesions are indistinguishable from an ectropion.
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Extropion
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Shiny red tissue around the os of the cervix that may bleed easily.
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Ovarian cyst vs. tumor
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Syst is smooth, maybe compressible.
Tumors are solid & nodular. Neither is tender. |
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Ovarian ca sx
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persistent & unexplained vague GI:
abd discomfort, gas, pain, indigestion, pressure, swelling, bloating, cramps |
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PID
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Pelvic inflammatory dz
Gonorrhea, chlamydia. Very tender, bilateral adnexal area, guarding. |
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Montgomery tubercles
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Nontender, nonsuppurtive tubercles onthe nipple.
An expected finding. |
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Thelarche
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breast development
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vascular supply to breast is primarily through:
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branches of the internal mammary artery & the lateral thoracic artery
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Each breast contains a lymphatic network that -
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drains the breast radially & deeply to underlying lymphatics.
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Best time to do BSE.
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2-3 days after period ends, when they are least likely to be tender or swollen.
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BSE pay special attention to:
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Armpit & area between breast & armpit
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Best way to palpate the axillae
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Pt is seated with bent elbow.
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Virchow nodes
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Sentinal nodes:
Supra- & infraclavicular nodes are 1st sign of lymphatic invasion by adbominal, breast, or lung ca. |
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The greatest amt of glandular tissue in the breast lies where?
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upper outer quadrant
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Palpate breasts how?
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1. light
2. medium 3. deep Using finger PADS |
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Postmenopausal breasts
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Flattened
Elongated Suspended more loosely from the chest wall due to glandular tissue atrophy & relaxation of suspensory ligaments. |
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Cancerous breast masses
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Nontender, hard, stonelike, fixed, irregular & poorly delineated, retraction signs often present.
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Proprioception
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Hold joint to be tested, raise or lower digit, ask pt inwhich direction it moved.
p 786 |
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Stereognosis
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Ability to identify object in hand.
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2-pt discrimination
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2 touches - how far apart they need to be before pt identifies as such
p 787 |
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Extinction Phenomonon
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Simultaneously touch each cheek, hand, etc. Similar sensations should be felt bilaterally.
p 787 |
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Graphesthesia
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Draw a figure 8 on pt's hand when their eyes are closed.
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Babinski reflex
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dorsiflexion of the great toe
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Superficial & deep tendon reflexes evaluate what?
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the function of specific spine segmental levels.
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Superficial reflexes
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1. Stroke each quadrant of abdomen.- slight movement of umbilicus toward each area of stimulation will be bilaterally equal.
2. Cremasteric reflex: stroke inner thigh proximal to distal. Testicle & scrotum rise on stroked side. p 789. 3. Plantar reflex: Babinski reflex = dorsiflection of great toes. Expected response only in children under age 2. Over age 2 indicates pyramidal tract dz. |
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Upper motor neuron disorder sx
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-hyperactive reflexes
-positive Babinski sign -no fasciculations |
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Lower motor neuron disorder sx
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-weak or absent reflexes
-fasciculations |
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Nuchal rigidity
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Stiff neck.
Associated with meningitis & intracranialhemorrhage. |
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Brudzinski sign
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May be present with nuchal rigidity.
Involuntary flexion of hips & knees when flexing neck. |
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Kernig sign
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If examiner flexes leg @ knee & hip when pt is supine, then tryies to straighten leg - lower back pain & resistance to straightening will occur, indicating meningeal irritation.
p 792 |
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Changes in deep tendon reflexes with aging:
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1. Less brisk or even absent.
2. Lower extremity response dimishes before UE response. 3. Achilles & plantar reflexes may disappear. 4. Superficial reflexes may disappear. |
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What age are neonates?
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<28 days
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What age are infants?
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<1 year
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What age is early childhood?
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1-4 years
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Most reliable route to take temperature?
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Infants & toddlers: rectal.
Childhood & adolescence: oral, temporal, or tympanic |
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Least reliable route to take temperature?
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Axillary
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What fever is an urgent problem < age 3 months?
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>100.4
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What fever is a problem ages 3 mos - 3 years?
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>102.2
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Fever after 36 mos
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Is rarely dangerous in & of itself.
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More important clinical factors than fever
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Dehydration
Poor oral intake Lethargy Stiff neck |
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Respirations in infancy
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Periodic: fast breathing, slow breathing, pauses. Must count 1 entire minute to get resp rate.
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Resp rate WNL
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Infant: 30-60
Early childhood: 20-40 Late childhood: 15-25 |
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HTN
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>95% for age
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Growth measurement <2 yrs of age
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wt, head circumference, rRECUMBENT length
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To measure growth 2-20 yrs
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standing ht, wt, BMI
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BMI calculation
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wt (kg)/ht (meters) squared x 10,000
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BMI overwt cutoff
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>95%
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BMI risk of overwt
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85-95%
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APGAR
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Activity
Pulse Grimace Appearance Respiration Each can score 0-1-2 Done at 1 & 5 min. |
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Gest age
Preterm Post-term |
Preterm <37 weeks
Post-term >42 weeks |
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LGA, SGA
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<10%
>90% |
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Est gest age
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Vernix
Laguna Color Rash Jaundice |
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Harlequin phenomenon
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baby is 1/2 white, 1/2 red.
WNL |
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Cutis marmorata
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Think "cute mama"
Mottled appearance at birth. WNL |
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Physiologic jaundice
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BF - 1st week of life maybe a little dehydrated
BreastMilk: 2-4 wks of age due to an enzyme in the milk. Not a problem |
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When jaundice is NOT a problem.
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When it is unconjugated, ie, When it is NOT high in conjugated.
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Newborn heart murmur WNL
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1st 2 days PDA is closing.
Pulmonary branch stenosis murmur WNL until age 4-6 mos because artery is small. |
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How often to check hips for congenital dysplasia
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At every exam until walking.
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How many vessels in the umbilical cord?
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3
2 arteries & 1 vein. |
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Cryptorchidism
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Undescended testes.
My descend on own by age 6 mos. If not by 2 yrs, may increase risk of testicular ca. |
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Palmar grasp reflex ages
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Birth - 3 or 4 mos.
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Rooting reflex ages WNL
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Birth to 3 or 4 mos
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Moro reflex
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Think: only a MOROn would do this to a baby.
MORO = 4 letters, until age 4 mos. Birth to 4 months Persistance >6 mos = neurologic dz "startle reflex" Infant extends & abducts both arms, hands open, crying. |
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Hemangiomas
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Quite common.
Quit growing by age 6-9 mos. 50% gone by age 1 90% gone by age 9 Problem only with ear, eye, or if they bleed. |
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Plagiocephaly
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Sleep on same side all the time, get "toaster head"
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Fontanelles close by what age?
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9-18 months.
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Nasolacrimal duct obstruction
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Not to worry until > 9 mos old
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Stabismus is normal until what age?
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4-6 months
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Tonsils are biggest they will ever be when?
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Ages 3-7 years
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Umbilical hernia
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Usually resolves on its own by 1-2 years
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Genu varus
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Almost every baby is bow-legged until age 18-24 mos.
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To identify brachial plexus injury
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"Waiter's tip"
Arm down with hand supine. |
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Rolls over
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HINT: 5 & 6 are both round shapes. O in roll is round.
5-6 months of age. But anytime after 2-4 months. |
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Stranger anxiety
Picks up objects with one hand |
6 months
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Imitates sounds, plays peek-a-boo
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HINT: turn 8 on it's side, it looks like two eyes, or two 0's as in "boo"
8 months |
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Understands single words
Plays pat-a-cake |
10 months
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pointing for shared attention
Mama & Dada specifically |
10 mos.
Pointing, shared attention = autism screen. |
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Okay to introduce free water fine when?
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ag 6 mos
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Usually all primary teeth are in by
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2 1/2 - 3 yrs
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Problem if no teeth by age
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18 mos.
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Needs fluoride starting when?
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age 6 mos.
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Lifts head, turns toward voices
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Age 1 month
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Social smile, holds head steady while sitting
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Age 2 mos.
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Brings hands midline to grasp objects.
Recognizes familiar adults. Laughs |
Age 3 mos.
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Looks in mirror.
Comforts self. |
Age 4 mos.
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Sits
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HINT: If you bend legs while sitting, they make a #7.
7 months. |
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Crawls or scoots
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HINT: Turn #8 on its side, looks like two 0's, as in scoot
8 months |
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Pulls to standing
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9 months
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Pincer grip, "cruising'
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10 months
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Need fluoride supplement by when?
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Age 6 mos.
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Fasciculation
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Involuntary twitching of muscles fibers, visible under the skin. Seen after injury to a muscle's motor neuron.
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Spasticity
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An increase in muscle tone.
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Crepitus
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HINT: decrepit
Is felt when 2 irregular bony surfaces rub together as a joint moves, etc. |
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Prominant landmarks of the back
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C7 & T1, scapulae, iliac crests, paravertebral muscles
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gibbus
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HINT: a gibbon(ape)'s posture
Sharp angular deformity from osteoporosis |
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The usual number of vertebrae
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24
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how to test CN XI
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spinal accessory nerve
shrug shoulders |
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boutonniere deformity
swan neck deformity deviation of fingers to the ulnar side |
rheumatoid arthritis
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muscular bumps on the palm of the hand
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thenar eminance by thumb
hythenar eminance by little finger |
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fusiform swelling/spindle-shaped enlargement
Herberden nodes Bouchard nodes |
osteoarthritis
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genu-valum
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Hint: L
knock-knees |
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genu varum
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bowlegs
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genu recurvatum
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excessive hyperextension of the knee with weight bearing
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weight bearing on the foot should be where?
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midline of the foot
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hallus valgus
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HINT: L
hallus (halitosis. smelly breath, smelly feet) Lateral deviation of the great toe. An inflamed bursa at this joint forms a painful bunion e |
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carpal tunnel hypalgeia occurs where?
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along the thumb & median nerve (not little finger), and weak thumb abduction
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Flick test
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hand pain, numbness, & tingling occur with flicking movement of the wrist
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Tinel sign
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HINT: tinel, tunnel
Carpal tunnel test: strike pts wrist with your middle finger where the median nerve passes thru. Tingling senation rfrom wrist to hand is a positive sign. |
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Postural change with pregnancy
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Lordosis
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Gower sign
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Think: GLOWER. parent glowers if child does not pick up toys.
sign of generalized muscle weakness; needs to support self when getting up from the floor. |
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ankylosing spondylitis
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inherited dz, vertebral column ossifies
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lumbosacral radiculopathy
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herniation of a lumbar disc tha irritates nerve root.
causes muscle weakness, paresthesia, & pain in the dermatome. Can be due to lifting heavy objects while the arms are extended and the muscles are flexed. |
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Muscle strain
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excessive stretching or forceful contraction beyond it's functional capacity.
Severity ranges: mild intrafibrinous tear to total rupture of a single muscle. |
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Sprain
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stretching or tearing a supporting ligament of a joint by forced movement beyond its normal range. Can result in total rupture ligament & permanent joint instability if not treated.
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Tendonitis
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Inflammation of synovium-lined sheath around a tendon, resulting form repetitive actions, ie, shoulder, knee, heel, wrist
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Most often injured muscle in rotator cuff tear
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supraspinatous
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How many phalanges?
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28 in each foot & hand.
Big toe & thumb have two. all the rest have 3. |
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How many phalanges?
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28 in each foot & hand.
Big toe & thumb have two. all the rest have 3. |
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