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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the intensity range that the human ear is capable of processing?
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A range approaching 130 dB SPL
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The range of intensity of speech is ______ huge/small
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Small
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At what intensity level does conversational speech occur?
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At 45 dB HL or 65 dB SPL
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At what intensity level does shouting occur?
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At 85 dB SPL
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At what intensity level does faint speech occur?
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At 45 dB SPL
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What is the range between the softest and the loudest level of speech to which we are exposed?
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40 dB range
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What is the intensity difference betweent he softest and loudest sound produced?
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28 dB
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Which is the strongest phoneme in English?
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"aw" or /ɔ/
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what is the weakest sound in English?
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/θ/
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How many times is /ɔ/ more intense than /θ/?
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680 times
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What is the intensity difference between the weakest and strongest phonemes?
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56 dB
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What is the intensity difference between male and female speech?
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3 dB
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Speech contains energy that enconmpasses a ______ (narrow/wide) frequency range
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wide
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What is the frequency range of acoustic energy of speech?
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50 to 10,000 Hz
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Above 1000 Hz, the energy of speech decreases at about __________
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9 dB per octave
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The greatest energy in speech generally lies below _____ Hz
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1000 Hz
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Why is energy concentrated in the lower frequencies?
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Because of the fundamental frequency of the voice
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What type of frequency are vowels primarily made up of?
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Low and mid frequency
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What are the areas of energy concentration called?
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Formants
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What are formant frequencies the result of?
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Changes in the vocal tract resonance due to tongue placement and tongue height during vowel production
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How many formants do we need to hear in order to identify the vowel correctly?
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The first two
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In order to recognize a vowel correctly, we need tune in to ________ not the ___________
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The relative distance between F1 and F2 not the absolute value of each formant
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____ have greater energy than _______
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Vowels have greater energy than consonants
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Why do vowels tend to be more audible to most listeners?
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Because they have more intensity in the lower frequencies
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IIn order to discriminate between vowels, you need to have auditory access to speech cues at least at
a) 320 Hz b) 2500 Hz c) 840 Hz |
840 Hz
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Why do we need to be able to hear at least at 840 Hz in order to discriminate between vowels?
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Because we need to be able to hear F2. If we can't hear F2, all the vowels will sound similar.
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What configuration of hearing loss tends to have poor access to F2?
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Precipitous, high frequency hearing loss
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Consonants have _______ (less, more) energy than vowels.
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Less
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Consonants are typically composed of _______ (lower/higher) frequencies comapred to vowels
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Higher
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What is the general frequency range of consonants?
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Mid to high
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In which frequencies is the voicing cue of consonants found?
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In the low frequencies
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In which frequencies is the manner cue of consonants found?
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In the low to mid frequencies
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In which frequencies is the place cue of consonants found?
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In the high frequencies
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What is the range or duration of speech sounds in English?
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30 to 300 ms
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These sounds have longer duration?
a) consonants b) vowels |
b) vowels
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What is the duration of vowels?
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130 to 360 ms
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What is the duration of consonants?
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20 to 150 ms
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What is the average rate of speech?
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4.4 to 5.9 syllables per second
OR 12 to 20 phonemes per second |
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Is the length of a phoneme always the same?
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No, consonant and vowel length differ depending on the context
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Are the acoustic properties of phonemes always the same?
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No, the acoustic properties of phonemes spoken in isolation differ from when they are spoken in the context of other consonants and vowels
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When is vowel duration longer?
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When preceding a voiced consonant.
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What happens to the formants of the vowels before the final consonant in a word?
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The formants transition to the final consonants which is the result of the movement of the articulators changing the shape of the vowel tract
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What are the suprasegmental cues for speech?
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Intonation, rhythm, stress, pitch, duration, intensity and pattern
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What do lower frequencies contribute to?
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To the recognition of emotions
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What are the social/pragmatic conventions carried in the low frequency region of speech?
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Hearing the end of an utterance
Knowing when there is a pause in the conversation Hearing the contour for a question Knowing when others are talking |
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What percentage of speech power and intelligibility do frequencies below 500 Hz contain?
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60% of the speech power
& 5% of intelligibility |
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In what aspect is an individual's hearing loss reflected?
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In his/her speech production
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Describe the speech of someone who is able to hear the low frequency components of speech,
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normal voice quality, nasal resonance, vowel duration, intensity and vowel accuracy. There will be consonant omissions
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Describe the speech of someone who has access to the mid-frequencies of speech.
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Production of stop and continuant sounds. Accurate vowel production.
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Describe the speech of someone who has access to the high-frequencies of speech.
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Errors in production of fricatives and place of articulation
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What is the hierarchy of listening?
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1. Detection
2. Discrimination 3. Identification/recognition 4. Comprehension |
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What does Detection mean?
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That there is a awareness of sound. A child may turn to where the noise is coming from or dtops a block in a bucket when he/she hears speech.
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What does Discrimination mean?
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That the person is able to tell the difference between two sounds or words (closed set)
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How could a child be show that he/she has effectively discriminated between two words?
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By pointing to the correct picture/toy out of a group
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What does Identification/Recognition mean in ther hierarchy of listening?
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That the client recognizes sound/word out of an open set of possibilities
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Give an example of an Identification/Recognition behavior?
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The client repeats back a sound or word without a set of items from which to choose
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What does Comprehension mean in ther hierarchy of listening?
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That the client understands the message being transmitted
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Give examples of behaviors that show that the client is comprehending.
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Follow an ongoing conversation
Respond appropriately to questions Follow commands without gestures |
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What are other important components in listening and speech perception?
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Attention to the speaker/speech signal
Memory: short term working memory as well as long term Closure: the ability to "fill in the blanks" |
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What does the redundancy in the speech signal allow for?
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Speech reception and speech intellibility
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What did engineers at a telephone lab find about the minimal frequency range for adequate telephone transmission and reception?
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That the minimal range is much less than what is typically available when speech is produced. Only 3kHz range
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Why is a message understood by a listener even if he/she does not hear it perfectly?
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Because speech contains infromation from a variety of sources
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The more _________ a message, the more easily it can be __________ perceived by the listener
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The more REDUNDANT a message, the more easily it can be PERCEIVED by the listener
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What does redundancy in speech mean?
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Predictability
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What variables can influence redundancy in speech?
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Within speaker
Within message Within environment Within listener |
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What are the varibles within the speaker that influence the redundancy in speech?
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Use of rules of language
Use of segmentals Use of suprasegmentals Vocabulary |
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What are the variables within the message that influence the redundancy in speech?
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Length of utterance
Amount of context Frequency of signal Intensity of signal |
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What are the variables within th environment that influence the redundancy in speech?
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Background noise
Reverberation Situation cues |
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What are the variables within the listener that influence the redundancy in speech?
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Language level
Vocabulary level Knowledge of topic Hearing ability (aided) |
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What are the levels of linguistic constraints?
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Phonological
Lexical Syntactic Semantic Topical Pragmatic |
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Why is phonological knowledge important?
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Because they are the rules that govern how sounds can be grouped in a language.
We don't expect /ng/ to be at the beginning of a word |
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Why is lexical knowledge important?
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Because although the number of words in a language is finite, we know that some words occur more often than others.
For example, telephone is more likely to occur in a setence than xylophone |
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Why is syntactic knowledge important?
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Because we know that words can only go togeter in a certain way.
For example, we know that adjectives describe nouns and that words occur in a specific order in a sentence. It is not likely that we hear ran they or -ing to be at the end of a noun |
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Why is topical knowlege important?
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Because we know that language bears some realtionship to the context in which it is used.
For example, if you are at the dentist, you are probably going to talk about teeth |
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Why is knowledge of pragmatics important?
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Because we know that language is governed by social rules/expectations.
For example, you wouldn't tell your teacher that she smells funny, but you might say it to your sister. |
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What is noise in communication?
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Anything that reduces the amount of information present for the listener to use
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What are examples of noise in a speaker?
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Poor language
Poor speech Improper stress |
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What are examples of noise in an environment?
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Bad lighting
Competing visual stimuli Reverberation Competing auditory stimuli |
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What are examples of noise in a listener?
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Poor language
Poor listening skills Difficulty following the topic |
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Why is semantic knowledge important?
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Because we know that words in sentences are related to each other in meaningful ways.
For example, you wouldn't say "My grandfather is the youngest in my family" |
