Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the units of heredity and are the instructions that make up the body's blueprint?
|
genes
|
|
|
What code for the proteins taht determine virtually all of a person's characteristics?
|
genes
|
|
|
What are the strands of genetic material that make up genes?
|
DNA
|
|
|
What is DNA?
|
deoxyribonucleic acid
|
|
|
What is the physical location of a gene?
|
locus
|
|
|
What are different versions of genes called?
|
alleles
|
|
|
What structures are genes organized into?
|
chromosomes
|
|
|
What are the 3 main parts of the DNA molecule?
|
five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
phosphate molecule one of 4 nitrogen-containing bases |
|
|
What are the 4 nitrogen-containing bases?
|
adenine
guanine cytosine thymine |
|
|
What is the code used to produce proteins?
|
DNA
|
|
|
What are the steps to DNA protein production?
|
1. DNA is replicated, so that there are two identical copies of the DNA
2. DNA is transcribed into RNA 3. RNA is translated or read by tRNA to make proteins |
|
|
What is the process of replication, transcription, and translation?
|
central dogma
|
|
|
What is the 4 letter alphabet of DNA?
|
A, G, C, T
|
|
|
What is the 4 letter alphabet of RNA?
|
A, G, C, U
|
|
|
What are the 3-letter words that RNA reads?
|
codons
|
|
|
What code for specific amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins?
|
codons
|
|
|
How man possible amino acids are there?
|
20
|
|
|
What is the beginning of a coding sequence?
|
start codon
|
|
|
What does a start codon code for?
|
methionine
|
|
|
What are the three codons that indicate the end of the amino acid sequence?
|
stop codons
|
|
|
What are the 3 letter words read by codons?
|
mRNA
|
|
|
What must bring the appropriate amino acid to the mRNA template in order for it to be translated?
|
tRNA
|
|
|
What contain the complementary RNA code?
|
tRNA
|
|
|
What do amino acids add together to form?
|
polypeptide chain
|
|
|
How many chromosomes do humans have?
|
46
|
|
|
How many paired chromosomes do humans have?
|
23
|
|
|
What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?
|
autosomes
|
|
|
What does the 23 pair of choromosomes determine?
|
sex
|
|
|
What is a picture of a person's chromosomes arranged by size?
|
karyotype
|
|
|
What joins the 2 arms of chromosomes?
|
centromere
|
|
|
What is the short arm of a chromosome called?
|
p (petit)
|
|
|
What is the long arm of a chromosome called?
|
q (after p)
|
|
|
What are the ends of chromosomes called?
|
telomeres
|
|
|
How many alleles do humans have of all of their autosomal genes?
|
2
|
|
|
What causes genetic variation?
|
changes in the DNA code
|
|
|
What are different kinds of changes in DNA?
|
individual base pair changes
deletions insertions duplications inversions |
|
|
What are allelic variants that are asssociated with disease or trait phenotypes?
|
mutations
|
|
|
What confers a selective advantage or disadvantage in a population?
|
mutations
|
|
|
What is the process that preserves advantageous mutations and eliminates diadvantageous mutations?
|
natural selection
|
|
|
What is an alteration in a single base pair?
|
point mutation
|
|
|
What are 2 types of point mutations?
|
missense mutation
nonsense mutatino |
|
|
What is a single base pair substitution resulting in a change in the amino acid coded for by that codon?
|
missense mutation
|
|
|
What is the result of a missense mutation?
|
protein may be structurally abnormal or unstable
|
|
|
What reults in a premature stop codon, which ends the translation of the mRNA into a protein before the protein has been finished?
|
nonsense mutation
|
|
|
What is the result of a nonsense mutation?
|
abnormally shaped protein with altered function
a protein that is very unstable and is quickly degraded |
|
|
what are 2 different types of deletion or insertions?
|
frameshift mutations
in-frame mutations |
|
|
What occur when the number of deleted or inserted base pairs is not a multiple of 3?
|
frameshift mutations
|
|
|
What occurs when the number of deleted or inserted base pairs is a multiple of 3?
|
in-frame mutations
|
|
|
Which is more serious: frameshift mutations or in-frame mutations?
|
frameshift because it effects all of the amino acids that follow
|
|
|
What is allelic variation that results in an observable difference?
|
phenotype
|
|
|
What is the genetic makeup of an organism at a single locus?
|
genotype
|
|
|
What have 2 alleles at any single autosomal locus?
|
diploid organisms
|
|
|
What is someone who has 2 different alleles at a locus?
|
heterozygous
|
|
|
What has 2 identical alleles at a locus?
|
homozygous
|
|
|
What are pictoral representations of the family tree?
|
pedigrees
|
