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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What spine level is the sternal angle found?
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T4-T5
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What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?
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Thymus
Brachiocephalic vein Aortic arch Trachea Esophagus Phrenic nerve Vagus nerve Sympathetic trunk Thoracic duct |
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What are the subdivisions of the inferior mediastinum?
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anterior, middle, posterior
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Contents of the anterior mediastinum
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thymus
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Contents of the middle mediastinum
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heart
sup/inf vena cava ascending aorta pulmonary trunk pulmonary veins phrenic nerve |
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Contents of the posterior mediastinum
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esophagus
thoracic aorta thoracic duct vagus nerve sympathetic trunk |
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What connects the aortic arch to pulmonary trunk?
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Ligamentum arteriosum
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Function of ductus arteriosus in developing fetus
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Keep blood from going to the lungs bc they aren't developed yet
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Function of foramen ovale in developing fetus
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Allows blood to flow from right to left atrium
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Part of the heart that is the site of the AV septum
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coronary sulcus
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Part of the heart at the site of the ventricular septum
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interventricular septum
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What arteries are found in the coronary sulcus?
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right/left coronary artery
circumflex artery posterior interventricular |
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What arteries are found in the interventricular sulcus?
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LAD (anterior interventricular)
posterior interventricular great cardiac vein middle cardiac vein |
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Name of the muscles inside the right atrium
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pectinate
crista terminalis |
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What 3 venous openings are found in the right atrium?
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SVC
IVC coronary sinus |
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Another name for the infundibulum
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conus arteriosus
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Name of the muscles found in the right ventricle
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trabeculae carneae
anterior/posterior/septal papillary muscles moderator band |
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What are the 3 papillary muscles in the RV?
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anterior
posterior septal |
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Where is the aortic vestibule found?
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left ventricle
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Referred pain from the heart will be at what levels of the spinal cord?
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T1-T4
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What makes up the tunica intima?
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endocardium (endothelium)
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What makes up the tunica media?
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myocardium (cardiac muscle)
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What makes up the tunica adventitia?
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epicardium (connective tissue)
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How long is an avg heart beat?
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.8 sec
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What valves are opened/closed during ventricular diastole?
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mitral/tricuspid open
pulmonic/aortic closed |
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What valves are opened/closed during systole?
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mitral/tricuspid closed
pulmonic/aortic open |
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Properties of stenotic valves
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rigid, don't open completely
blood hits the unopened valve when flowing into the ventricle, pulmonic trunk, or aorta |
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When are murmurs heard in a stenotic valve?
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prior to AV valve closure at systole
prior to semilunar valve closure at diastole |
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Properties of incompetent valves
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flaccid, don't close completely
blood hits the valve when back flowing into the atria or ventricles |
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When are murmurs heard in an incompetent valve?
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after AV closure at systole
after semilunar valve closure at diastole |
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What are the 3 types of coronary bypass?
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saphenous vein
internal mammary artery radial artery |
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What are the fissures found on the lungs?
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horizontal and oblique on right lung and oblique on left
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Where does the trachea bifurcate?
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sternal angle
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Another name for secondary bronchi
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lobar bronchi
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Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess found at the anterior mid-clavicular?
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7th intercostal space
lung at 6th rib, parietal pleura at 8th |
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Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess found at the mid-axillary line?
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9th intercostal space
lung at 8th rib, parietal pleura at 10th |
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Where is the costodiaphragmatic recess found on the posterior side?
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11th intercostal space
lung at 10th rib, parietal pleura at 12th |
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What are the 5 sets of lymph nodes found in the lungs?
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paratracheal
carinal tracheobronchial (primary) bronchopulmonary (secondary) pulmonary (tertiary) |
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What nodes are found at the hilus of the lungs?
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bronchopulmonary
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What spinal level do you find the suprasternal notch? Sternal angle?
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T2
T4-T5 |
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Where do you find the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve?
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In the costal groove of the rib
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What are the 3 layers of the innermost intercostals?
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subcostal
intima transverse thoracis |
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What cutaneous nerves off the ventral ramus of spinal nerves provide sensory to thoracic wall?
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anterior and lateral cutaneous nerves
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What do the anterior intercostal arteries come off?
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internal thoracic artery
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What muscles fix the 1st rib?
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anterior and middle scalene muscles
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What muscle fixes the 12th rib?
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quadratus lumborum
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Another name for epicardium
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serous visceral pericardium
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What provides sensory innervation to the fibrous and serous parietal pericardium?
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phrenic nerve
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What provides sensory innervation to the parietal pleura?
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phrenic
costal and peripheral diaphragmatic |
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Between what 2 structures does the phrenic run?
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fibrous pericardium and lungs
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What does the phrenic nerve innervate? (both motor and sensory)
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motor to diaphragm
sensory to diaphragm, mediastinal portion of parietal pleura, fibrous pericardium |
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What provides somatic sensation to the visceral pleura?
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has NO somatic sensation
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3 branches off celiac trunk
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splenic, left gastric, common hepatic
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What provides parasympathetic innervation to the liver and stomach?
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anterior/left vagus
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What provides parasympa innervation to all abdominal organs except liver and stomach?
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posterior/right vagus
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What provides parasympathetic innervation to organs supplied by the celiac trunk?
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anterior/left vagus
posterior/right vagus hepatic branch of left vagus |
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What nerve stimulates acid secretion in the stomach?
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anterior/left vagus
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What all does the greater thoracic splanchnic provide sensory innervation to?
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lower esophagus
stomach duodenum spleen liver gall bladder pancreas |
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What makes up the celiac nodes?
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left and right gastric
gastrolienal gastroepiploic |
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What does the celiac trunk and nodes receive lymph drainage from?
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lower esophagus
stomach spleen liver duodenum pancreas |
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What artery supplies the lesser curvature?
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left gastric
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What artery supplies the lower 1/3 of esophagus?
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esophageal branches
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What nodes drain the lower 1/3 of esophagus?
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celiac nodes
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What nodes drain the upper 1/3 of esophagus?
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deep cervical
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What nodes drain the middle 1/3 of the esophagus?
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mediastinal nodes
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What arteries supply the stomach?
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right gastric (off proper hepatic)
gastroduodenal right and left gastroepiploic |
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What ligaments are found in the lesser omentum?
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hepatogastric ligament
hepatoduodenal ligament |
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What ligament is found in the greater omentum?
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gastrolienal ligament
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What arteries are found in the lesser omentum?
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right and left gastric arteries
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What structures are found in the Epiploic Foramen (Winslow)?
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proper hepatic artery
common bile duct portal vein |
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What arteries are found in the greater omentum?
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right and left gastroepiploic arteries
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Where are the short gastric arteries found?
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in the gastrolienal ligament (part of the greater omentum)
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What are the smooth muscle layers of the stomach?
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outer longitudinal
middle circular inner oblique |
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What ligament comes off beneath the falciform ligment?
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ligamentum teres hepatus (round ligament)
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Another name for the round ligament? (of the liver)
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ligamentum teres hepatus
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What is the porta hepatis? Contents?
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on underside of liver, separates the caudate and quadrate lobes
right/left hepatic duct right/left hepatic arteries right/left portal veins |
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Boundaries of the Triangle of Calot? Contents?
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cystic duct, hepatic duct
cystic artery and right hepatic artery |
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Blood supply to duodenum
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superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal
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Blood supply to the pancreas
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superior pancreaticoduodenal - head
inferior pancreaticoduodenal - head and uncinate process splenic - body |
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Blood supply to spleen
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splenic artery and vein
also celiac trunk |
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Where are 5 possible locations of ulcers?
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posterior stomach
1st part of duodenum duodenum into greater sac lesser curvature into lesser sac anterior stomach and greater curvature into greater sac |
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Where is the ureter with respect to the gonadal artery and vein?
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below these vessels "water flows under the bridge"
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Flow of blood within the kidney
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renal pyramid, renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis
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Muscle above iliac crest? Below?
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quadratus lumborum
iliacus |
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Lumbar plexus: T12
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subcostal n.
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Lumbar plexus: L1
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iliohypogastric n.
ilioinguinal n. |
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Lumbar plexus: L4-L5
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lumbosacral trunk
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Lumbar plexus: L1-L2
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genitofemoral n.
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Lumbar plexus: L2-L3
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lateral femoral cutaneous n.
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Lumbar plexus: L2-L4
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femoral n.
obturator n. |
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What are the 3 openings in the diaphragm?
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inferior vena cava (T8)
esophageal hiatus (T10) aortic hiatus (T12) |
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What are the 4 unpaired arteries off the abdominal aorta?
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celiac trunk
superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric median sacral |
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When does the external iliac change names to femoral?
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when it goes under the inguinal ligament
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What does external iliac change into when it passes under the inguinal ligament?
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femoral
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What veins drain into the portal vein?
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superior and inferior mesenteric
splenic |
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"PISS in the portal"
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pancreas
intestines stomach spleen |
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What nodes drain lower extremities, pelvic organs, kidney, testes, body wall?
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lumbar (para-aortic) nodes
then to lumbar trunks then thoracic duct |
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What do the lumbar (para-aortic) nodes drain?
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lower extremities
pelvic organs kidney and suprarenal glands testes body wall |
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What do the supreme intercostal arteries branch off? Found in what spaces?
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costocervical trunk
spaces 1-2 |
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What do the posterior intercostal arteries branch off? Found in what spaces?
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aorta
spaces 3-11 |
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Where are possible esophageal constriction sites? At what spinal levels?
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cricopharygeus (C6)
arch of aorta and left primary bronchus (T4-T5) inferior esophageal constrictor/esophageal hiatus (T10) |
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Blood supply to the esophagus
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inferior thyroid
esophageal artery esophageal branches of left gastric |
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Lymphatic drainage of the esophagus
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deep cervical
mediastinal celiac |
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Where do esophageal cancers generally develop?
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inferior 1/3
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Branches of the superior mesenteric artery
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middle colic (left and right branches)
marginal artery right colic ileocolic intestinal branches |
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What organs does the superior mesenteric supply?
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duodenum
pancreas small intestines cecum appendix ascending colon transverse colon |
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What structures are drained (lymphatic) by the superior mesenteric artery?
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appendix
cecum ascending colon transverse colon small intestines |
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Movement of lymph from intestines?
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superior mesenteric nodes to intestinal trunk to thoracic duct
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Name of the fatty folds surrounding the colon
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appendicis epiploica
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Ridges (?) on the descending colon
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tenia coli
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2 layers of muscle making up the large intestines
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inner circular
outer longitudinal |
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McBurney's Point
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associated with appendicitis; pain radiates from the right lower quadrant when it affects the parietal peritoneum
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Meckel's diverticulum
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a duodenal ulcer that may give similar symptoms as appendicitis
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Branches of inferior mesenteric artery
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marginal arteries
left colic sigmoid arteries superior rectal |
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organs supplied by inferior mesenteric artery
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descending colon
sigmoid colon upper 1/2 rectum |
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What structures are drained (lymphatic) by the inferior mesenteric nodes?
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descending colon
sigmoid colon upper 1/2 rectum |
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Referred pain from sympathetics will never be lower than ___
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L2
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Ganglion associated with inferior mesenteric artery
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inferior mesenteric ganglion
lumbar splanchnics L1-L2 |
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Anything in the pelvis that is retroperitoneal, referred pain travels with ________
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parasympathetics
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Splanchnic nerves are _______ by definition
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preganglionic
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Better term for prevertebral
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preaortic
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Greater thoracic splanchnic nerves associated with what nerves? Ganglion?
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T5-T9
celiac |
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Lesser thoracic splanchnic nerves associated with what nerves? Ganglion?
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T10-T11
superior mesenteric |
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Least thoracic splanchnic nerves associated with what nerves? Ganglion?
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T12
aorticorenal |
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Lumbar splanchnic nerves associated with what nerves? Ganglion?
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L1-L2
inferior mesenteric ganglion |
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Celiac trunk nerves supply what organs?
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spleen
stomach liver gall bladder proximal 1/2 duodenum pancreas (via greater splanchnics) |
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Nerves along superior mesenteric artery supplies what organs?
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pancreas
distal 1/2 duodenum transverse colon ascending colon cecum small intestines appendix (via lesser splanchnics) |
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Nerves along renal artery supply what organs?
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kidney
suprarenal gland (via least splanchnics) |
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Nerves along inferior mesenteric artery supply what organs?
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descending colon
sigmoid colon upper 1/2 rectum (via lumbar splanchnics) |
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What nerves travel to the hypogastric plexus?
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sacral splanchnics (L1-L2)
pelvic splanchnics (S2-S4) these then travel to the aortic plexus |
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What nerves travel to the aortic plexus?
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thoracic splanchnics (T5-T12)
lumbar splanchnics (L1-L2) |
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Preganglionic parasympathetics in the aortic plexus?
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S2-S4
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Pre and postganglionic sympathetics in the aortic plexus?
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T5-L2
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Pelvic splanchnics - para or sympa?
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para
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Thoracic splanchnics: para or sympa?
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sympa
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Lumbar splanchnics: para or sympa?
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sympa
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Sacral splanchnics: para or sympa?
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sympa
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Visceral pain via sacral splanchnics: what organs?
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fundus and body of uterus
ovary bladder |
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Visceral pain via pelvic splanchnics: what organs?
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cervix
prostate gland lower 1/2 rectum |
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Umbilicus associated with what dermatome?
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T10
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Xiphoid process associated with what dermatome?
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T7
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Area above pubic symphysis associated with what dermatome? Other term for this?
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L1 (iliohypogastric)
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Scrotum and labia majora associated with what dermatome? Other term for this?
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L1 (iliolingual)
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Superficial lymph drainage above umbilicus goes to what?
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axillary nodes
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Superficial lymph drainage below umbilicus goes to what?
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superficial inguinal nodes
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Transpyloric plane cuts across what 3 organs?
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pylorus of stomach
gall bladder transverse colon |
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What are the 8 abdominal layers?
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skin
superficial fascia (camper's, scarpa's) muscle (EAO, IAO, trans abd) endoabdominal fascia (transversalis, iliacus and psoas fascia) extraperitoneal fat and fascia parietal peritoneum peritoneal cavity visceral peritoneum |
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2 layers of superficial fascia
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Camper's (outer fatty)
Scarpa's (inner membranous) |
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2 layers of endoabdominal fascia
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anterior - transversalis fascia
posterior - iliacus and psoas fascia |
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Parietal peritoneum innervated by what nerves?
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thoracoabdominal nerves
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Another name for falx inguinalis
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conjoint tendon
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Another name for conjoint tendon
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falx inguinalis
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Horizontal layers on the rectus abdominis
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tendinous intersection
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3rd layer of the spermatic cord
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transversalis fascia
deep inguinal ring spermatic cord (internal spermatic fascia) inferior epigastric artery and vein |
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2nd layer of spermatic cord
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IAO
conjoint tendon spermatic cord (cremaster muscle) iliolingual and iliohypogastric nerves inguinal canal contents |
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1st layer of spermatic cord
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EAO aponeurosis
inguinal ligament spermatic cord (ext spermatic fascia) superficial inguinal ring |
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Contents of superficial inguinal ring
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lateral crural fibers
intercrural fibers medial crural fibers |
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Roof of inguinal canal
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transversus abdominis
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Posterior wall of inguinal canal
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laterally - transversalis fascia
medially - conjoint tendon |
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Floor of inguinal canal
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laterally - inguinal ligament
medially - lacunar ligament |
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Anterior wall of inguinal canal
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EAO
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Contents of inguinal canal
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spermatic cord
ilioinguinal n. |
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Layers of scrotum
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skin
dartos muscle/fascia ext spermatic fascia cremaster muscle/fascia int spermatic fascia tunica vaginalis |
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Contents of spermatic cord
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genital branch of genitofemoral n.
testicular artery pampiniform plexus vas deferens epididymus testes |
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Where is the tunica vaginalis derived from?
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peritoneum
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Connective tissue surrounding the testes
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tunica albuginea
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Most common type of hernia
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indirect
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Inguinal hernia
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most common
enters deep to inguinal ring; lateral to the inferior epigastric artery |
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Direct hernia
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bulges anteriorly through posterior wall of the inguinal canal into Hesselbach's triangle
medial to inferior epigastric about 15% of inguinal hernias |
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Boundaries of Hasselbach's Triangle
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medial - inferior epigastric vessels
lateral - ext oblique aponeurosis, linea semilunaris floor - inguinal ligament |
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Femoral hernias
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pass posterior to inguinal ligament
lateral to pubic tubercle in the femoral canal most frequent in women due to shape of pelvic bones |
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Other types of hernias
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umbilical (congenital, acquired)
epigastric divarication of the rectus abdominis |
