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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Necrosis
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Non-programmed cell death = noisy, inflammation, nucleus destroyed first
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Apoptosis
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Programmed cell death = quiet, no inflammation, nucleus guides it
=> destroyed last |
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Pyknosis
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nucleus turn into blobs " pick blobs"
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Karyohexis
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Nucleus fragments
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Karyolysis
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Nucleus dissolves
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Somatotrope
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GH
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Gonadotrope
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LH,FSH
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Thyrotrope
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TSH
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Corticotrope
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ACTH
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Lactotrope
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PRL
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What receptors do protein hormones use
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cell membrane receptors
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what receptors do steroid hormones use
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nuclear membrane receptors
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what are the steroid hormones?
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"PET CAD"
Progesterone E₂ Testosterone Cortisol Aldosterone Vitamin D |
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what does endocrine mean?
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secretion into the blood
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what does exocrine mean?
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secretion into non-blood
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autocrine
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works on itself
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paracrine
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works on its neighbor
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merocrine
example |
cell is Maintained => exocytosis
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apocrine
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Apex of the cell is secreted
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holocrine
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the wHOLe cell is secreted
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what organs do not require insulin
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"BRICKLE"
Brain RBC Intestine Cornea,Cardiac Kidney Liver Exercising muscle |
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function of GnRH
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stimulates LH,FSH
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function of GRH
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stimulates GH
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function of CRH
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stimulates ACTH
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function of TRH
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stimulates TSH
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function of PRH
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stimulates PRL
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function of DA
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inhibits PRL
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function of SS
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inhibits GH
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function of ADH
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conserves water, vasoconstrics and concentrate urine
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function of oxytoxin
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milk let down, baby let down
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function of GH
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IGF-1 release from liver
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function of TSH
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T₃ and T₄ release from thyroid
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function of LH
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Testosterone release from testis, E₂ and progesterone release from ovary
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function of FSH
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sperm or egg growth
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function of PRL
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milk production
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function of ACTH
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cortisol release from adrenal gland
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function of MSH
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skin pigmentation
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what are the stress hormones and do they appear?
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Epinephrine: 20 minutes
Glucagon: 20 mins Insulin: 30 min ADH: 30 min Cortisol: 2-4 hr GH: 24hr |
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function of ADH
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concentrates urine, vasoconstriction and conserves water
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what is DI
presentation of the patient |
too little ADH => urinate a lot
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Define Central DI
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Brain not making ADH
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Define Nephrogenic DI
etiology what drugs can cause this? |
blocks ADH receptor,
can be cause by Li and Demecocycline |
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water deprivation did not work (fails to concentrate urine)
what does this tell you? |
water deprivation => DI (fails to concentrate urine)
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what does giving DDAVP tell you?
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DDAVP => Central DI (concentrates >25%)
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what is SIADH?
what happens to plasma volume what does this lead to? |
too much ADH => expand plasma vol =>pee Na
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What is the difference in urine concentration between DI and SIADH?
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DI has dilute urine, SIADH has concentrated urine
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what is psychogenic polydipsia?
describe the plasma osmolarity |
pathologic water drinking => low plasma osmolarity
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what does aldosterone do?
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reabsorbs Na, secretes H+/K+
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neuroblastoma
what is it? presentation lab |
adrenal tumor in kids
dancing eyes and feet secretes catecholamines |
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pheochromocytoma
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adrenal medulla tumor in adults,
perspiration, palpitation, pain, pressure, pallor |
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what does the zona glomerulosa make?
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aldosterone "salt"
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what does the zona fasiculata make?
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cortisol "sugar"
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what does the zona reticularis make?
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androgens "sex"
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define conn's syndrome
what test will make it worse? |
high aldosterone tumor
captopril test makes it worse |
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what does ANP do?
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Inhibits aldosterone, dilates renal artery (afferent arteriole)
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what does calcitonin do?
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Inhibits osteoclast => low serum Ca₂⁺
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what is MEN I?
name |
"wermers": Pancreas, Pituitary, Parathyroid hyperplasia
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what is MEN II?
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"sipples": pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, PTH
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what is MEN III?
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MEN IIb: pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer and oral/GI neuromas
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what does CCK do?
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gallbladder contraction, bile release
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What does cortisol do?
what does this lead to? |
gluconeogenesis by proteolysis => thin skin
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What is addison's disease?
what does this lead to? |
autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex => hyperpigmentation, ⇧ACTH
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what is Waterhouse Friderichsen?
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adrenal hemorrage
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cushing's syndrome
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high ACTH (pituitary tumor)
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nelson's syndrome
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hyperpigmentation after adrelectomy and visual problems
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If low-dose dexamethasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?
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normal, obese, depression
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If high-dose dexamethasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?
management |
pituitary tumor => ACTH (call a brain surgeon)
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If high-dose dexamethasone test does not suppress, what does that tell you?
management |
Adrenal adenoma => cortisol (call general surgeon)
small cell lung cancer => ACTH (call thoracic surgeon) |
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what are the survival hormones?
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cortisol: permissive under stress
TSH: permissive under normal |
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What does epinephrine do?
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gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis
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what does erythropoetin do?
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makes RBC's
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what does gastrin do?
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stimulates parietal cells => IF, H+
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What does growth hormone do?
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growth, sends somatomedin to growth plates, gluconeogenesis by proteolysis
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what is pygmie?
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no somatomedin receptors
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what is achondroplasia = laron Dwarf?
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abnormal FGF receptors in extremities
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what is midget?
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decreased somatomedin receptor sensitivity
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what is acromegaly?
presentation (5) increase of what hormone? |
adult bones stretch "my hat doesn't fit,
coarse facial features, large furrowed tongue deep husky voice, jaw protution inc. IGF-1 b/c of GH tumor. |
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what is gigantism?
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childhood acromegally
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what does GIP do?
what does it lead to? |
enhance insulin action
=>post prandial hypoglycemia |
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what does glucagon do?
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gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, ketogenesis
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what does insulin do?
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pushes glucose into cells
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what is type I DM?
Ab etiology (3) presentation |
anti-islet cell ab, GAD Ab
coxsakie B, low insulin, DKA, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia |
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what is type II DM?
presentation neck |
Insulin receptor insensitivity
high insulin, HONK coma acanthosis nigricans |
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how does DKA present?
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kaussmal respirations, fruity breath (acetone), altered mental status
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treatment for DKA?
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Insulin, NS, KCl, D5 1/2 NS
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what is dawn phenomenon? Tx
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morning hyperglycemia due to GH
Tx: increase pm insulin |
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what is somogyi effect?
Tx: |
morning hyperglycemia due to evening hypoglycemia.
Tx: decrease pm insulin |
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what is factitious hypoglycemia?
what are the insulin and c-peptide levels |
insulin injection (increase insulin, decrease c-peptide)
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what is insulinoma?
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tumor (increase insulin, increase c-peptide)
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what is erythrasma?
test tx: |
rash in skin folds, coral red wood's lamp
tx: erythromycin |
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what is syndrome X = metabolic syndrome? tx:
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"Pre DM" => HTN, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, acanthosis nigrans
tx: metformin |
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what are the foot ulcer risk factors?
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DM/Glycemic control
male smoker bony abnormalities previous ulcers |
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what are the 5 conditions causes weight gain?
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obesity
hypothyroidism depression cushing's anasarca |
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what does motilin do?
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stimulates segmentation (primary peristalsis, MMC)
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what does oxytocin do?
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milk ejection, baby ejection
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what does PRL do?
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milk production
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what does PTH do?
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chews up bone
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what does vitamin D do?
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builds bone
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what do parathyroid chief cells secrete?
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PTH
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what do stomach chief cells secrete?
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pepsin
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what is the difference between Norepinephrine and epinephrine
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norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter and epinephrine is a hormone
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what is primary hyperparathyroidism
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parathyroid adenoma
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what is secondary hyperparathyroidism/
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renal failure
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what is familial hypocalciuria hypercalcemia?
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decrease calcium excretion
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what if both serum ca and PO⁴ decrease?
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vitamin D deficiency
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what if serum ca and PO⁴ change in opposite directions?
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PTH problem
high Ca => hyperPTH low Ca => hypoPTH |
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what is the most common cause of primary hypoparathyroidism?
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thyroidectomy
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what is pseudohypoparathyroidism?
what is decreased? |
bad kidney PTH receptor
decreased urinary cAMP |
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what is pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
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G-protein defect, no Ca₂⁺ problem
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hungry bone syndrome?
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Remove PTH -> bone sucks in Ca₂⁺
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what does secretin do?
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secretion of bicarb, inhibit gastrin, tighten pyloric sphincter
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what does somatostatin do?
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Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK
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what do T₃ and T₄ do?
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growth differentiation
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what disease has exophthalmos?
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grave's
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what disease has enophthalmos?
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horner's
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what are the 5 hyperthyroid diseases?
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Grave's
DeQuervain's Silent thyroiditis Plummer's Jod-basedow |
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Grave's hyperthyroidism
Ab presentation (2) |
Exopthalmos, pretibial myxedema, TSHr Ab
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Silent thyroiditis clues
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post-partum
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Plummer's
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benign adenoma, old person
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Jod-basedow
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transient hyperthyroidism due to increased Iodine
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DeQuervain's
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viral, painful jaw
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what are the 5 hypothyroid diseases?
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hashimoto's
Reidel's struma Cretin Euthyroid sick syndrome wolff-chaikoff |
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hashimoto's antibodies
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antimicrosomal Ab =TPO Ab
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Reidel's struma
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woody neck
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Cretin
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freaky features, hypothyroid mom and baby
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Euthyroid sick syndrome
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low T₃ syndrome
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wolff-chaikoff
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transient hypothyroidism
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what is plummer's syndrome
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hyperthyroid adenoma
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what is plummer-vinson syndrome?
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esophageal webs
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what does testosterone do?
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makes external male genitalia
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what does mullerian Inhibiting factor do?
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makes internal male genitalia
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what do TPO and thymosin do?
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help Tcells mature
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what does VIP do?
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inhibit secretin, motilin, CCK
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How does a VIPoma present?
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watery diarrhea
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How does a SSoma present?
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constipation
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what are the hormones with disulfide bonds?
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"PIGI"
PRL Inhibin GH Insulin |
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which hormones have the same α subunits?
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LH, FSH
TSH β-HCG |
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which hormones produce acidophils
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"GAP"
GH PRL |
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what hormones produce basophils
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"B FLAT"
FSH LH ACTH TSH |
