P331-Exam#2

Front 1

language

Back 1

a communication system in which words andtheir written symbols combine in rule-governed way to enable speakers to produce an infinite number of messages

Front 2

communicative competence

Back 2

the ability to convey thoughts, feelings, and intentions in a meaningful and culturally patterned way

Front 3

productive language

Back 3

the production of speech

Front 4

receptive language

Back 4

understanding the speech of others

Front 5

phonology

Back 5

the system of sounds that a language uses

Front 6

phoneme

Back 6

the basic unit of a language's phonetic system; phonemes are the smallest sounds units that affect meaning

Front 7

semantics

Back 7

the study of word meanings and word combinations, as in phrases, claues, and sentences

Front 8

grammar

Back 8

the structure of language; consists of morphology and syntax

Front 9

morphology

Back 9

the study of morphemes, language's smallest unit of meaning

Front 10

morpheme

Back 10

a language's smallest unit of meaning, such as a prefic, a suffix, or a root word

Front 11

syntax

Back 11

the part of grammar that prescribes how words may combine intro phrases, clauses, and sentences

Front 12

pragmatics

Back 12

a set of rules that specify appropriate language for particular social contexts

Front 13

language acquisition device (LAD)

Back 13

Chomsky's proposed mental struture in the human nervous system that incorporates an innate concept of language

Front 14

critical period

Back 14

a specific period in children's development when they are sensitive to a particular environmental stimulus that does not have the same effect on them when encountered before or after this period

Front 15

language acquisition support system (LASS)

Back 15

according to Bruner, a collection of strategies and tactics that environmental influences-initially, a child's parents of primary caretakers-provide the language-learning child

Front 16

infant-directed, or child-directed, speech

Back 16

a simplified style of speech parents use with young children, in which sentences are short, simple, and often repetative and the speaker enuciates especially clearly, slowly, and in a higher-pitched voice, often ending with a rising intonation. Also called motherese

Front 17

expansion

Back 17

a technique adults use in speaking to young children in which they imitate and expand or add to a child's statement

Front 18

recast

Back 18

a technique adults use in speaking to young children in which they render a child's incomplete sentence in a more complex grammatical form

Front 19

negative evidence

Back 19

according to Pinker, corrective feedback that parenst may give young language-learning children

Front 20

protodeclarative

Back 20

a gesture that an infanct uses to make some sort of statement about an object

Front 21

protoimperative

Back 21

a gesture that either an infant of a young child may use to get someone to do something she or he wants

Front 22

categorical speech perception

Back 22

the tendency to perceive as the same a range of sounds belonging to the same phonemic group

Front 23

cooing

Back 23

a very young infant's production of vowel-like sounds

Front 24

babbling

Back 24

an infant's production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations

Front 25

patterned speech

Back 25

a form of pseudospeech in which the child utters strings of phonemes that sounds very much like real speech but are not

Front 26

naming explosion

Back 26

the rapid increase in vocabulary that the child typically shows at about the age of 1.5

Front 27

overextension

Back 27

the use, by a young child, of a single wor to cover many different things

Front 28

underextension

Back 28

the use, by a young child, of a single word in a restricted and individualist way

Front 29

holophrase

Back 29

a single word that appears to represent a complete thought

Front 30

telegraphic speech

Back 30

two-word utterances that include only the words essential to convey the speaker's intent

Front 31

overregularization

Back 31

the application of a principle of regular change to a word that changes irregulary

Front 32

speech acts

Back 32

one or two word utterances that clearly refer to situations or to sequences of events

Front 33

discourse

Back 33

socially based conversation

Front 34

metalinquistic awaremess

Back 34

the understanding that language is a rule-bound system of communicating

Front 35

phonological awareness

Back 35

the understanding of the sounds of a language and of the properties, such as the number of sounds in a word, related to these sounds

Front 36

bilingualism

Back 36

the acquisition of two languages at the same time