P331-Exam#2

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information-processing approaches

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theories of development that focus on the flow of information through the child's cognitive system and particularly on the specific operations the child performs between input and output phases

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microgenetic analysis

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a very detailed examination of how a child solves a problem over a single learning episode or over several episodes that occur close in time

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multistore model

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a model of information processing that depicts information as moving through a series of organized processing units-sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory

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sensory register

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the mental processing unit that takes information from the environment and stores it in original form for brief periods of time

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short-term, or working, memory

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the mental processing unit in which info may be stored temporarily; the "work space" of the mind, where a decision must be made to discard information, work on it at present, or transer it to permanent storage in long-term memory

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long-term memory

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the mental processing unit in which info may be stored permanetly and from which is may later be retrieved

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connectionist model

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information-processing approaches that are based on the biological idea of neutral networks and that often use computer simulation; these models emphasize human cognition's different layers and networks of cognitive processing

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neo-Piagetian theories

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theories of cognitive development that reinterpret Piaget's concepts from an information-processing perspective

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executive control structure

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according to Case, a mental blueprint or plan for solving a class of problems

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cognitive processes

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ways that human mental system operates on information

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encoding

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the transformation of information from the environment into a mental representation

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mental representation

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information stored in some form (verbal, pictorial) in the cognitive system after the person has encountered it in the environment

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strategies

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conscious cognitive or behavioral activities used to enhance mental performance

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automatization

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the process of transforming conscious, controlled behaviors into unconscious and automatic ones

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generalization

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the application of a strategy learned while solving a problem in one situation to a similar problem in a new situation

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executive control process

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a cognitive process that serves to control, guide, and monitor the success of a problem-solving approach a child uses

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perception

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the interpretation of sensations to make them meaningful

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attention

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the identification and selection of particular sensory input for closer inspection and more detailed processing

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enrichment view

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the notion that the child aquires additional information about and object from each repeated experience with it, further modifying and enriching these data with information from existing schemata

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differentiation view

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the notion that the child learns to identify and discriminate among the imporant features of objects and relationships from the rich source of information sensory input provides

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selective attention

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a strategy in which one focuses on some features of the environment and ignores others

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planning

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the deliberate organization of a sequence of actions orientated toward achieving a goal

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semantic memory

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all the world knowledge and facts a person possesses

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episodic memory

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memory for specific events, often autobiographical in nature

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memory span

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the amount of info one can hold in short-term memory

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rehearsal

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a memory strategy in which one repeats a number of times the information one wants to remember, either mentally or orally

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organization

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a memory strategy that involves putting together in some organized form the information to be remembered; usually entails categorization and hierarchical relations

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elaboration

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a memory strategy in which one adds to iformation to make it more meaningful and thus easier to remember

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mediational deficiency

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inability to use strategies to store info in long-term memory

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production deficiency

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inability to generate and use known memory strategies spontaneously

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utilization deficiency

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inability to use known memory strategy or to benefit from the use of such a memory strategy

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world knowledge

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what a child has learned from experiences and knows about the world in general

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narrative form

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a temporally sequences acount that conveys meaning about an event

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autobiographical memory

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a collection of memories of things that have happened to a person at a specific time or place

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problem solving

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the indentification of a goal and of steps to reach that goal

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script

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a mental representation of an event or situation of daily life, including the order in which things are expected to happend and how one should behave in that event or situation

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cognitive map

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a mental representation of the spatial layout of a physical or geographic place

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dedutive reasoning

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logical thinking that involves reaching a necessary and valid conclusion based on a set of premises

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transitive inference

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the mental arrangement of things along a quantitative dimension

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propositional reasoning

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logical thinking that involves evaluating a statement based on the information in the statement alone

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hierarchical categorization

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the organization of concepts into levels of abstraction that range from the specific to the general

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metacognition

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the individual's knowledge about knowing and his control of cognitive activities