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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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problems with mental disorders
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1. not clearly separated, epilepsy to catatonia 2. brain is complex, we don't know much 3. balance of NA SE and DA needs to be achieved 4. diagnosis is difficult 5. reality is what brain sais it is 6. brain develops through stages 7. brain needs constant stimulation |
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what is menkes disease (kinky hair syndrome)
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characterised by a global deficiency of copper. lysyl oxidase is important in cross-linking elastin and collagen . death from aortic rupture |
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what are feral children and the critical period hypothesis
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undomesticated children who has lived in isolation from human contact.
at age 12, if no language is learned they never will be able to learn it. |
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Receptor binding
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drug can - bind directly to receptors and either block or activate them (antagonists and agonists) -bind o receptor and enhance activation by natural transmitter (allosteric modulators, GABA channel) |
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types of ion channels |
- ionotropic, direct acting, ligand-gated ion channel - Glutamate R - voltage gated , direct acting - Ca2+ channels metabotropic, indirect acting - G-proteins |
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what is a neuromodulator
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a substance (Substance P, endorphins) that can act locally on the other neurons or at a distance. can increase of decrease the effect of the neurotransmitters but does not initiate depolarisation
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what are (2) amino acid neurotransmitters
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-glutamate: principal excitatory transmitter in the brain. bind to voltage gated NMDA R - GABA: main inhibitory transmitter in the brain. bind to GABA R |
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Anandamide or AEA, endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter. |
-immune cells: ↓ inflammation CB2 - myenteric neurons: ↓ GIT motility CB1 - submucosal neurons: ↓ GIT secretions CB1 - epithelial cells: ↓ epithelial wounds CB1 ↓ visceral pain CB2 |
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what is a neurohormone
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substance originating in neurons or neurosecretory cells, receiving synaptic information from other central neurons yet secreting transmitters in a hormone-like fashion into the blood circulation
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the endocannabinoid system. tetrahydrocannabinol cannabidol cannabinol |
affect pain modulation, memory, appetite and anti inflammatory effects. R are found in the brain. CB1: tetra hydrocannabinol CB2 (mostly immune effects): cannabinol cannabodol (not exact fit, has powerful indirect effects) |
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what is GABA
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-Gamma Aminobutyric acid -inhibitory neurotransmitter, binds to GABA R - formed by the decarboxylation of glutamate (aa) - GABAa: regulate Cl- channels (ligand gating) Cl- negates depolarisation by Na+ 5 subunits around a central pore - GABAb: GPCR |
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what are benzodiazepines
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a group of anxiolytics. improve the action of GABAa R - increase the binding of GABA (positive allosteric modulators). - sedative, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxant and amnesic effects |
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what are the effects of benzodiazepines, barbituates and imidazopyridines on pore-opening.
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benzodiazepines: increase opening frequency (sleeping pills, and anxiolytics) imidazopyridines and barbituates: increase opening duration (sedatives) |
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NMDA R and AMPA R
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-glutamate binds to AMPA and NMDA - NA+ through AMPA depolarises membrane - Mg2+ is removed from NMDA - Ca2+ influx into NMDA - Ca2+ activaes 2nd messenger pathways |
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what is the clinical application of
Dextromethoprphan |
- an antitussive (cough suppressant) drug with sedative properties
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what is the clinical application of
Memantine |
-Alzheimer's disease - acts on glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA R |
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DA and SE functions
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DA: motivation/reward, pleasure, motor function, compulsion, preservation SE: mood, memory, processing, sleep, cognition |
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SE formation
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tryptophan 5-hydroxytryptophan tryptophan 5-hydroxytryptamine (SE) - degraded by MAO to HIAA (excreted) |
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5HT R types
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5HT1 - inhibitory autoreceptors (1a is target for anxiolitics and antidepressants) 5HT2 - excitatory postsynaptic, cortext and hippocampus (hallucinatory drugs) 5HT3 - area postrema in medulla (vomiting) and forsal horn interneurons of spinal cord |
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serotonin syndrome
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- hyperflexia, tremor, clonus, ↑ bowel motility, tachycardia, agitation, diaphoresis, mydriasis |
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Dopamine DA
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- most abundant in striatum (basal ganglia) - dopa decarboxylase synthesis DA from dopa - recaptures by dopamine transporter (DAT) - metabolised by MAO and COMPT - unable to cross BBB |
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DA R types
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- Metabotropic GPCR - D1: includes D1 and D5. ↑ cAMP conc. - D2: includes D2,3,4. ↓ cAMP conc. |
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DA Transmission
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- Parkinson's: ↓ DA in nigrostriatal pathway - Schizophrenia: ↑ DA. (many antipsychotic drugs are D2 antagonists) - tuperohypophyseal pathways: DA↓prolactin. antipsychotics block D2 to ↑ prolactin (results in breast development) - Nausea and Vomiting: DA agonist - vomiting. antagonists= anti-emetic (D2R in chemotrigger zones) |
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What is Flumazenil
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- negative allosteric modulator to GABAa R. - used for overdoses of Benzodiazepine |
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what is phenobarbital
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- Sedative drug - binds to GABAa R - increase the strength of GABA's binding to GABAR |
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