P262 Lecture Exam 4

Front 1

What location is the most important for blood in the body, because it is where exchanges occur between the blood and surrounding tissues?

Back 1

Capillaries

Front 2

What refers to the two way movement of fluid in the blood?

Back 2

Capillary exchange

Front 3

What moves along with solutes into and out of the bloodstream across the capillary beds?

Back 3

Water

Front 4

What are the three ways in which chemicals pass through a capillary wall?

Back 4

1. Endothelial cell cytoplasm

2. Intercellular clefts

3. Filtration pores (fenestrations)

Front 5

What are the four mechanisms of movement through the capillary wall?

Back 5

1. Diffusion

2. Transcytosis

3. Filtration

4. Reabsorption

Front 6

What is a process in which endothelial cells pick up material on one side of the plasma membrane, transport the material across the cell via a vesicle, and discharge the material on the other side of the cell via exocytosis?

Back 6

Transcytosis

Front 7

What is a physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall: an example would be blood pressure?

Back 7

Hydrostatic pressure

Front 8

What is the term for the portion of the osmotic pressure due to protein?

Back 8

Colloid osmotic pressure

Front 9

What is the term for the difference between the colloid osmotic pressure of blood and tissue fluid: tends to draw water into a capillary by osmosis?

Back 9

Oncotic pressure

Front 10

What are the two measurements that make up the net hydrostatic pressure, and are the measurements of pressure moving in or out?

Back 10

1. Blood pressure (out)

2. Interstitial pressure (out)

Front 11

What are the two measurements that make up the oncotic pressure, and are the measurements of pressure moving in or out?

Back 11

1. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (in)

2. Tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure (out)

Front 12

What are the two measurements that make up the net filtration/reabsorption pressure: this will give you the idea of whether or not the pressure will be moving in or out of the capillary?

Back 12

1. Net hydrostatic pressure

2. Oncotic pressure

Front 13

How much blood do the capillaries reabsorb of the fluid they filter?

Back 13

85%

Front 14

How much blood do the capillaries absorb and return to the blood via the lymphatic system?

Back 14

15%

Front 15

What are located in the kidneys in which there is little or no reabsorption, only filtration?

Back 15

Glomeruli

Front 16

What are located in the lungs in which are entirely dedicated to absorption so fluid does not fill the air spaces?

Back 16

Alveolar capillaries

Front 17

True/False: In a resting person, most precapillary sphincters are constricted and the capillaries collapsed.

Back 17

True

Front 18

If a tissue becomes metabolically active are the capillaries reabsorbing or filtering?

Back 18

Filtering

Front 19

If a tissue is resting are the capillaries reabsorbing or filtering?

Back 19

Reabsorbing

Front 20

What is the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue: occurs when fluid filters into a tissue faster than it is reabsorbed?

Back 20

Edema

Front 21

What are the three causes of edema?

Back 21

1. Increased capillary filtration

2. Reduced capillary reabsorption

3. Obstructed lymphatic drainage

Front 22

What type of pressure does calcium reabsorption depend on?

Back 22

Oncotic pressure

Front 23

What is the term for a deficiency of albumin?

Back 23

Hypoproteinemia

Front 24

What are the five mechanisms in which venous return is achieved?

Back 24

1. Pressure gradient

2. Gravity

3. Skeletal muscle pump

4. Thoracic/respiratory pump

5. Cardiac suction

Front 25

True/False: Venous return decreases when blood volume increases.

Back 25

False: Venous return increases when blood volume increases.

Front 26

What is considered the most important force in venous flow?

Back 26

Pressure generated by the heart

Front 27

True/False: Venous return increases during generalized widespread vasoconstriction.

Back 27

True: It reduces the volume of the circulatory system and raises blood pressure thereby raising blood flow.

Front 28

Where in the body does the skeletal muscle pump coordinate the contracting muscles to squeeze the blood out of the compressed vein and back up to the heart?

Back 28

Lower limbs

Front 29

Where does the thoracic/respiratory pump aid the flow of venous blood?

Back 29

Abdominal to thoracic cavity

Front 30

What happens when you inhale in reference to the thoracic/respiratory pump?

Back 30

1. Thoracic cavity expands

2. Internal thoracic cavity pressure drops

3. Diaphragm moves downward

4. Internal abdominal cavity pressure rises

Front 31

What occurs when a person is standing still, allowing for blood to accumulate in the limbs because venous pressure is not high enough to override the weight of the blood and drive it upward?

Back 31

Venous pooling

Front 32

What occurs in any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs?

Back 32

Circulatory shock

Front 33

What are the two divisions of circulatory shock?

Back 33

1. Cardiogenic shock

2. Low venous return shock

Front 34

What type of circulatory shock is caused by inadequate pumping by the heart?

Back 34

Cardiogenic shock

Front 35

What type of circulatory shock occurs when cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart?

Back 35

Low venous return shock

Front 36

What are the three forms of low venous return shock?

Back 36

1. Hypovolemic shock

2. Obstructed venous return shock

3. Venous pooling shock

Front 37

Which form of low venous return shock is the most common, and is produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding, or dehydration?

Back 37

Hypovolemic shock

Front 38

Which form of low venous return shock occurs when any object, such as a growing tumor or aneurysm, compresses a vein and impedes its blood flow?

Back 38

Obstructed venous return shock

Front 39

Which form of low venous return shock occurs when the body has a normal total blood volume but too much of it accumulates in the lower body: long periods of standing or sitting?

Back 39

Venous pooling shock

Front 40

What is a form of venous pooling shock that results from a sudden loss of vasomotor tone, allowing the blood vessels to dilate?

Back 40

Neurogenic shock

Front 41

What occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?

Back 41

Septic shock

Front 42

What results from exposure to an antigen to which a person is allergic, such as a bee sting?

Back 42

Anaphylactic shock

Front 43

In __________ shock, several homeostatic mechanisms bring about spontaneous recovery.

Back 43

compensated

Front 44

In __________ shock, several life threatening positive feedback loops occur because homeostatic mechanisms fail.

Back 44

decompensated

Front 45

The brain regulates its own blood flow in response to changes in __________ and __________.

Back 45

blood pressure

chemistry

Front 46

What does a mean arterial pressure below 60 mmHg cause?

Back 46

Syncope

Front 47

What does a mean arterial pressure above 140 mmHg cause?

Back 47

Cerebral edema

Front 48

What is the term for the sudden death of brain tissue caused by ischemia?

Back 48

Stroke

Front 49

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 49

1. Fluid recovery

2. Immunity

3. Lipid absorption

Front 50

What percentage of fluid do the blood capillaries not absorb?

Back 50

15%

Front 51

What would happen to a person if the amount of fluid not absorbed by the capillaries were not returned to the bloodstream?

Back 51

They would die of circulatory failure

Front 52

What absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries?

Back 52

Lacteals

Front 53

What are the four components of the lymphatic system?

Back 53

1. Lymph

2. Lymphatic vessels

3. Lymphatic tissue

4. Lymphatic organs

Front 54

What fluid is similar to blood plasma but lacks protein?

Back 54

Lymph

Front 55

What is the name of the vessels where lymph begins?

Back 55

Lymphatic capillaries (terminal lymphatics)

Front 56

What are the five areas of the body in which terminal lymphatics are absent?

Back 56

1. CNS

2. Cartilage

3. Bone

4. Cornea

5. Bone marrow

Front 57

True/False: Lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end.

Back 57

True: This is the primary difference between these and a blood capillary.

Front 58

What prevents the sac of a lymphatic capillary from collapsing; tethers the cells to the surrounding tissue?

Back 58

Protein filaments

Front 59

True/False: Lymphatic capillaries contain tight junctions.

Back 59

False: They have huge gaps in which bacteria and lymphocytes can enter along the tissue fluid.

Front 60

What happens to the valves of the lymphatic capillary when tissue fluid becomes too high?

Back 60

They push inward (opening the valves of the lymphatic capillary) causing the fluid to rush into the lymphatic capillary.

Front 61

What happens to the valves of the lymphatic capillary when the pressure becomes higher inside the capillary than out?

Back 61

They push outward (closing the valves of the lymphatic capillary).

Front 62

What is the route from the tissue fluid back to the blood stream?

Back 62

Lymphatic capillaries - collecting vessels - six lymphatic trunks - two collecting ducts - subclavian veins

Front 63

What are known as the largest of the lymphatic vessels?

Back 63

Collecting ducts

Front 64

What are the two mechanisms that help move lymph throughout the body?

Back 64

1. Skeletal muscle pump

2. Thoracic/respiratory pump

Front 65

What type of lymphatic cells are large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, and host cells that have become infected or cancerous?

Back 65

NK cells

Front 66

What type of lymphatic cells are very large phagocytic cells that develop from monocytes?

Back 66

Macrophages

Front 67

What type of lymphatic cells alert the immune system to pathogens that have breached the body's surfaces by engulfing the foreign matter, migrating it to the lymph node, and activating an immune reaction to it?

Back 67

Dendritic cells

Front 68

What type of lymphatic cells contribute to the connective tissue framework of the lymphatic organs?

Back 68

Reticular cells

Front 69

What are the five major lymphatic organs?

Back 69

1. Red bone marrow

2. Thymus

3. Lymph nodes

4. Tonsils

5. Spleen

Front 70

What two lymphatic organs are known as the primary lymphatic organs, because they are where the B and T lymphocytes become able to recognize and respond to antigens (immunocompetent)?

Back 70

1. Red bone marrow

2. Thymus

Front 71

What three lymphatic organs are known as the secondary lymphatic organs, because this is where the immunocompetent lymphocytes migrate after maturity?

Back 71

1. Lymph nodes

2. Tonsils

3. Spleen

Front 72

What lymphatic organ produces all of the formed elements of blood?

Back 72

Red bone marrow

Front 73

What lymphatic organ houses developing lymphocytes and secretes hormones that regulate their activity?

Back 73

Thymus

Front 74

Which organ shows a huge amount of degeneration with age; becomes involuted?

Back 74

Thymus

Front 75

What is formed by the reticular epithelial cells that seal off the cortex of the thymus from the medulla, isolating the developing lymphocytes from blood borne antigens?

Back 75

Blood-thymus barrier

Front 76

True/False: There is no blood-thymus barrier in the medulla of the thymus.

Back 76

True

Front 77

What happens if the thymus is removed from new born mammals?

Back 77

They waste away and never develop immunity.

Front 78

What is considered the most numerous lymphatic organ that cleans the lymph, and acts as a site of B and T cell activation?

Back 78

Lymph nodes

Front 79

True/False: Lymph nodes are the only lymphatic organs that contain both an efferent and an afferent lymphatic vessel.

Back 79

True

Front 80

What lymphatic organ stands guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens?

Back 80

Tonsils

Front 81

What is considered the largest lymphatic organ that has blood capillaries that allow red blood cells to leave the blood stream, accumulate in the sinuses, and reenter the blood stream?

Back 81

Spleen

Front 82

What lymphatic organ is known as the erythrocyte graveyard?

Back 82

Spleen

Front 83

Which line of defense consists of external barriers like the skin and mucous membranes?

Back 83

First line of defense

Front 84

Which line of defense consists of macrophages, leukocytes, antimicrobial proteins, immune surveillance, inflammation, and fever?

Back 84

Second line of defense

Front 85

Which line of defense is the immune system, which defeats the pathogen and leaves the body with a "memory" of it so that it will easily be defeated next time?

Back 85

Third line of defense

Front 86

What category do the first and second line of defenses fall under, because they guard against several pathogens and their effectiveness does not depend on prior exposure?

Back 86

Nonspecific resistance

Front 87

What category does the third line of defense fall under, because it results from prior exposure and only provides protection against a specific antigen?

Back 87

Specific defense

Front 88

What is produced from sweat that forms a thin film of lactic acid on the skin that inhibits bacterial growth?

Back 88

Acid mantle

Front 89

What vitamin enhances that effects of the external barrier defenses?

Back 89

Vitamin D

Front 90

What are secreted by infected cells that alert neighboring cells and protect them from becoming infected?

Back 90

Interferons

Front 91

What are the four steps involved in the complement system?

Back 91

1. Inflammation

2. Immune clearance

3. Phagocytosis

4. Cytolysis

Front 92

What are the two characteristics that distinguish immunity from nonspecific resistance?

Back 92

1. Specificity

2. Memory

Front 93

What type of immunity employs lymphocytes that directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells?

Back 93

Cellular immunity

Front 94

What type of immunity employs antibodies, which do not destroy the pathogen but mark them for destruction?

Back 94

Humoral immunity

Front 95

What type of immunity is effective against extracellular pathogens?

Back 95

Humoral immunity

Front 96

What is the term for one complete breath in and out?

Back 96

Respiratory cycle

Front 97

True/False: The lungs ventilate themselves.

Back 97

False: They only contain smooth muscle in the walls, which adjusts the diameter of the airway and affects the speed of airflow.

Front 98

What are the two principal muscles of respiration?

Back 98

1. Diaphragm

2. Intercostal muscles

Front 99

What happens to the internal pressure of the lungs when the thoracic cavity is enlarged?

Back 99

Decreases (air moves in)

Front 100

Is the diaphragm relaxed or contracted when it bulges upward, compressing the lungs, and expelling the air inside?

Back 100

Relaxed

Front 101

Which muscles have the primary function of stiffening the thoracic cage during respiration and prevent it from caving inward when the diaphragm descends?

Back 101

External and internal intercostal muscles

Front 102

What is the term for when the muscles in the thoracic cavity relax gradually rather than abruptly, preventing the lungs from recoiling too fast; makes the transition from inspiration to expiration smoother?

Back 102

Braking action (only muscular effort in normal expiration)

Front 103

What are the six principal organs of the respiratory system?

Back 103

1. Nose

2. Pharynx

3. Larynx

4. Trachea

5. Bronchi

6. Lungs

Front 104

What division of the respiratory system consists of those passages that serve only for airflow?

Back 104

Conducting division

Front 105

What division of the respiratory system consists of the alveoli and other gas exchange regions of the distal airway?

Back 105

Respiratory division

Front 106

What is the region called that extends from the nose to the larynx?

Back 106

Upper respiratory tract

Front 107

What is the region called that extends from the trachea to the lungs?

Back 107

Lower respiratory tract

Front 108

What organ is known as the "windpipe"?

Back 108

Trachea

Front 109

What reinforce the trachea and keep it from collapsing when you inhale?

Back 109

C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Front 110

What mechanism involves mucous trapping inhaled particles, and the cilia beating upward to move the debris toward the pharynx where it is then swallowed?

Back 110

Mucociliary escalator

Front 111

What does the trachea fork into?

Back 111

Left and right main bronchi

Front 112

What structure does the lung receive the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves through?

Back 112

Hilum

Front 113

What are the names of the three lobes of the right lung?

Back 113

1. Superior

2. Middle

3. Inferior

Front 114

What separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung?

Back 114

Horizontal fissure

Front 115

What separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung?

Back 115

Oblique fissure

Front 116

What are the names of the two lobes of the left lung?

Back 116

1. Superior

2. Inferior

Front 117

What separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung?

Back 117

Oblique fissure

Front 118

What are the three branches off of the right main bronchus?

Back 118

1. Superior lobar/secondary bronchi

2. Middle lobar/secondary bronchi

3. Inferior lobar/secondary bronchi

Front 119

What are the two branches off of the left main bronchus?

Back 119

1. Superior lobar/secondary bronchi

2. Inferior lobar/secondary bronchi

Front 120

What do the lobar/secondary bronchi branch into?

Back 120

Segmental/tertiary bronchi

Front 121

How many segmental/tertiary bronchi are in the right lung?

Back 121

10

Front 122

How many segmental/tertiary bronchi are in the left lung?

Back 122

8

Front 123

What does each segmental/tertiary bronchi ventilate?

Back 123

Bronchopulmonary segment (independent unit of lung tissue)

Front 124

What structure supports the main bronchi?

Back 124

C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Front 125

What structure supports the lobar/secondary and segmental/tertiary bronchi?

Back 125

Crescent shaped cartilaginous plates

Front 126

What are continuations of the airway that lack supportive cartilage, but contain cilia and quite a bit of smooth muscle?

Back 126

Bronchioles

Front 127

What does each bronchiole divide into, which lack mucous and goblet cells, but still contains cilia to move stuff that gets there back into the mucociliary escalator: marks the end of the conducting division?

Back 127

Terminal bronchioles

Front 128

What do the terminal bronchioles branch into, which have alveoli budding off of their walls: considered the start of the respiratory division?

Back 128

Respiratory bronchioles

Front 129

What do the respiratory bronchioles divide into?

Back 129

Alveolar ducts

Front 130

Where do the alveolar ducts end?

Back 130

Alveolar sacs

Front 131

What is the pathway for the conducting division of the respiratory system?

Back 131

Nasal cavity - pharynx - trachea - main bronchus - lobar/secondary bronchus - segmental/tertiary bronchus - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles

Front 132

What is the difference between the conducting division and the respiratory division?

Back 132

The conducting division has no alveoli, thus there is no significant gas exchange going on. The respiratory division contains alveoli along all the walls.

Front 133

What is the pathway for the respiratory division of the respiratory system?

Back 133

Respiratory bronchioles - alveolar duct - atrium - alveolus

Front 134

What type of cells cover about 95% of the alveolar surface and allow for rapid gas diffusion between the air and the blood?

Back 134

Squamous/type I alveolar cells

Front 135

What type of cells are the most numerous but cover less surface area, repair alveolar epithelium, and secrete pulmonary surfactant, which coats the alveoli to prevent them from collapsing during exhalation?

Back 135

Great/type II alveolar cells

Front 136

What are found in the lumen of alveoli that keep them free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles and rid the alveoli of these by the mucociliary escalator?

Back 136

Alveolar macrophages/dust cells

Front 137

What are the two layers of the lungs?

Back 137

1. Visceral pleura

2. Parietal pleura

Front 138

What is the name of the space between the visceral and parietal pleura?

Back 138

Pleural cavity

Front 139

What are the three functions of the pleurae and the pleural fluid?

Back 139

1. Reduction of friction (enables expansion and contraction)

2. Creation of pressure gradient

3. Compartmentalization (prevents infections from spreading from one organ to the other)

Front 140

What are the two reasons that breathing is dependent on the brain?

Back 140

1. Skeletal muscles cannot contract without nervous stimulation

2. Breathing involves the action of multiple muscles which require a central coordinating mechanism

Front 141

What are the two levels by which breathing is controlled by the brain?

Back 141

1. Cerebral (conscious)

2. Automatic (unconscious)

Front 142

Where are the respiratory centers found that control the automatic unconscious cycle of breathing?

Back 142

Reticular formation of the medulla oblongata

Front 143

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

Back 143

C6H2O6 + 6O2 <-> 6H2O + 6 CO2

Front 144

What is the formula for pH control?

Back 144

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-

Front 145

Do hydrogen ions increase or decrease if the pH has increased CO2?

Back 145

Increase

Front 146

What happens to the pH if CO2 increases?

Back 146

Becomes more acidic

Front 147

Do hydrogen ions increase or decrease if the pH has decreased CO2?

Back 147

Decrease

Front 148

What happens to the pH if the CO2 decreases?

Back 148

Becomes more basic

Front 149

What works with the respiratory system to control pH?

Back 149

Kidneys

Front 150

Flow is proportional to the pressure difference between two points and inversely proportional to _________?

Back 150

resistance

Front 151

What law states that the pressure of a given amount of gas is inversely proportional to its volume?

Back 151

Boyle's law

Front 152

What law states that the volume of a quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature?

Back 152

Charles's law

Front 153

What law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of its individual gases?

Back 153

Dalton's law

Front 154

What law states that at the air-water interface, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in the air?

Back 154

Henry's law

Front 155

What filters clots in the lungs by picking them up and breaking them down?

Back 155

Respiratory pump

Front 156

What is the term for a collapsed lung?

Back 156

Neumothorax

Front 157

For Boyle's law, if pressure goes up what happens to the volume?

Back 157

Goes down

Front 158

For Boyle's law, if pressure goes down what happens to the volume?

Back 158

Goes up

Front 159

For Charles's law, if volume goes up what happens to the pressure?

Back 159

They go down

Front 160

For Charles's law, if volume goes down what happens to the pressure?

Back 160

They go up

Front 161

What has to be created in order to cause gases to move?

Back 161

Pressure gradient

Front 162

What are the three factors that affect ventilation?

Back 162

1. Compliance

2. Airway resistance

3. Surface tension

Front 163

If you have a high resistance then you will have a __________ compliance?

Back 163

low

Front 164

Is it easy to inflate the lungs?

Back 164

Yes because of the elastic tissue.

Front 165

What can alter lung compliance?

Back 165

Disease causes a buildup of scar tissue that takes over the elasticity

Front 166

True/False: Decreased vessel radius makes it easier to move air.

Back 166

False: It makes it harder (airway resistance is high)

Front 167

Because water molecules are attracted to each other, does it make it easier or harder for the alveoli to inflate?

Back 167

Harder

Front 168

What reduces the surface tension of the lungs, thus making it easier for the alveoli to inflate?

Back 168

Surfactant

Front 169

True/False: The smaller alveoli would collapse into the larger alveoli.

Back 169

True (due to the surface tension)

Front 170

What law states that the smaller alveoli would collapse into the larger alveoli?

Back 170

Law of La Place

Front 171

True/False: All alveoli in the uterus are collapsed.

Back 171

True

Front 172

When does a baby begin to produce surfactant?

Back 172

7 months old in the womb

Front 173

What can occur if a baby is born prematurely resulting in an absence of surfactant on the lungs?

Back 173

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Front 174

What category of lung disorder would limit the ability to expand (inhale) your chest?

Back 174

Restrictive disorder

Front 175

What category of lung disorders would narrow your airways, taking longer to breath in and out?

Back 175

Obstructive disorder

Front 176

Would the occurrence of fibrosis occur in a restrictive or obstructive disorder?

Back 176

Restrictive (buildup of scar tissue replaces the elasticity)

Front 177

What type of lung disorder is tuberculosis an example of?

Back 177

Restrictive disorder

Front 178

What type of lung disorder are emphysema and bronchitis an example of?

Back 178

Obstructive disorder

Front 179

True/False: No one disease can be both restrictive and obstructive disorders.

Back 179

False

Front 180

What are the three types of respiratory groups?

Back 180

1. Pontene

2. Dorsal

3. Ventral

Front 181

Where are the nuclei located in the pontene respiratory group?

Back 181

Pons

Front 182

Where are the nuclei located in the dorsal respiratory group?

Back 182

Medulla

Front 183

Where are the nuclei located in the ventral respiratory group?

Back 183

Medulla

Front 184

Which respiratory group initiates normal breathing?

Back 184

Ventral respiratory group

Front 185

What is the term for when inspiratory neurons fire for two seconds, which are then stopped by the expiratory neurons, which in turn block them?

Back 185

Eupna

Front 186

What is the term for an abnormal breathing rate?

Back 186

Apnea

Front 187

What are the three main gases that make up the atmosphere?

Back 187

1. Nitrogen (78%)

2. Oxygen (21%)

3. Carbon Dioxide (Trace)

Front 188

Does atmospheric pressure increase of decrease as you go further up into the atmosphere?

Back 188

Decreases

Front 189

If partial pressure between two gases are the exact same what happens?

Back 189

There will be no gradient because the gases will not move

Front 190

When we inhale, mixing clean air with leftover air found in the trachea, the partial pressure of the oxygen __________, while the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide __________ in the alveoli.

Back 190

decreases

increases

Front 191

The partial pressure on the arterial side of the capillaries is __________ than partial pressure of the tissue fluid, so gas exchange occurs from capillary to tissue fluid.

Back 191

More

Front 192

What are the five factors that effect exchange?

Back 192

1. PO2 gradient

2. Solubility

3. Distance

4. Surface area

5. Ventilation perfusion coupling

Front 193

What is the normal partial pressure of the lungs?

Back 193

160

Front 194

What is the normal partial pressure of the alveoli found in the lungs?

Back 194

104

Front 195

What is the normal partial pressure of arterial blood?

Back 195

100

Front 196

What is the normal partial pressure of tissue fluid?

Back 196

40

Front 197

Because the partial pressure of the tissue fluid is 40 and arterial partial pressure is 100, what direction will gases, such as oxygen, move?

Back 197

From the blood to the tissue fluid

Front 198

What is the normal partial pressure of the venous blood?

Back 198

40

Front 199

Since the venous blood and the tissue fluid have the same partial pressure, what has occurred?

Back 199

Equilibrium

Front 200

Which has a negative effect on exchange, a shorter distance or a longer distance?

Back 200

Longer distance (has to travel far)

Front 201

What type of disease can reduce the surface area of the lungs, by replacing the elastic tissue with fibrous scar tissue, thus making exchange more difficult?

Back 201

Emphysema

Front 202

True/False: You can alter BOTH perfusion and ventilation.

Back 202

True

Front 203

In the lungs, if the capillaries sense bad ventilation they constrict and reduce blood flow. They are trying to match blood flow to __________ flow?

Back 203

air

Front 204

If there is a sudden increase in blood flow, there will be an increase in CO2 delivery unloading into the lungs causing the bronchioles to __________ in order to increase airflow.

Back 204

dilate

Front 205

True/False: Oxygen easily dissolves into water and the blood stream.

Back 205

False: Only 1.5% is dissolved. The rest is transported by hemoglobin.

Front 206

According to Henry's law if some liquid had a 0.05 solubility and a partial pressure of 40, what would the content be?

Back 206

2 mL (40 x 0.05)

Front 207

According to Henry's law, if the solubility is higher, then is the content higher or lower?

Back 207

Higher

Front 208

According to Henry's law, the steeper the slope, the __________ the solubility.

Back 208

higher

Front 209

Why is there a steep slope at the beginning of the deoxyhemoglobin disassociation curve?

Back 209

Lots of binding sites available

Front 210

What happens to the deoxyhemoglobin disassociation curve once partial pressure is very high?

Back 210

It levels off because the binding sites have all been filled.

Front 211

What is the hemoglobin considered once they are ALL carrying oxygen?

Back 211

Saturated

Front 212

If something has a high affinity, does it bind quickly or slowly?

Back 212

Quickly

Front 213

If something binds quickly, does it have a high or low solubility?

Back 213

High

Front 214

Why is the high affinity of blood great in the lungs but horrible in the tissues?

Back 214

The blood will not want to give up its oxygen to the tissues.

Front 215

What happens to the affinity of a gas if temperature rises?

Back 215

Becomes lower

Front 216

What happens to the affinity of a gas if pH lowers?

Back 216

Becomes lower (Bohr shift)

Front 217

If BPG is low, then affinity is __________.

Back 217

high

Front 218

Since fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity than the mother, where will oxygen move?

Back 218

From mother to baby

Front 219

Once a baby is born, what begins to break down?

Back 219

Fetal hemoglobin into adult hemoglobin which has a lesser affinity

Front 220

True/False: Oxygen ALWAYS binds to hemoglobin over carbon monoxide because it has a higher affinity.

Back 220

False: Carbon monoxide has the higher affinity, so it would bind over oxygen. This is what causes carbon monoxide poisoning.