P262 Lecture Exam 3 - Use

Front 1

What is the liquid medium in which materials travel in the blood vessels?

Back 1

Blood

Front 2

What are the three main functions of blood?

Back 2

1. Transportation

2. Protection

3. Regulation

Front 3

What are the three formed elements found in blood?

Back 3

1. Erythrocytes

2. Leukocytes

3. Platelets

Front 4

What makes up the matrix of the blood; a clear, light yellow fluid that makes up a little more than half of the blood volume?

Back 4

Plasma

Front 5

What are the three types of plasma proteins?

Back 5

1. Albumins

2. Globulins

3. Fibrinogens

Front 6

What is the smallest, most abundant plasma protein that transports solutes and buffers the pH of the plasma?

Back 6

Albumin

Front 7

What plasma protein transports solutes and plays a role in clotting and immunity?

Back 7

Globulin

Front 8

What are the three types of globulins?

Back 8

1. Alpha

2. Beta

3. Gamma

Front 9

What plasma protein is a sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot?

Back 9

Fibrinogen

Front 10

What are considered toxic end products of catabolism that are also found in the blood plasma?

Back 10

Nitrogenous wastes

Front 11

What is the term for the production of blood?

Back 11

Hemopoiesis

Front 12

What is the name for the tissues that produce blood cells?

Back 12

Hemopoietic tissues

Front 13

What cell type is involved in the production of new blood cells?

Back 13

Hemopoietic stem cell

Front 14

What does a Hemopoietic stem cell differentiate into?

Back 14

Colony forming unit

Front 15

For granulocyte white blood cell production, what are the three cell types that the colony forming units differentiate into?

Back 15

1. Eosinophilic myeloblast
2. Basophilic myeloblast
3. Neutrophilic myeloblast

Front 16

For agranulocyte white blood cell production, what are the two cell types that the colony forming units differentiate into?

Back 16

1. Monoblast
2. Lymphoblast

Front 17

For granulocyte white blood cell production, what are the three cell types that the myeloblasts differentiate into?

Back 17

1. Eosinophilic promyelocyte
2. Basophilic promyelocyte
3. Neutrophilic promyelocyte

Front 18

For agranulocyte white blood cell production, what are four cell types that the monoblasts and the lymphoblasts differentiate into?

Back 18

1. Promonocyte
2. B prolymphocyte
3. T prolymphocyte
4. NK prolymphocyte

Front 19

For granulocyte white blood cell production, what are the three cell types that the promyelocytes differentiate into?

Back 19

1. Eoisinophilic myelocyte
2. Basophilic myelocyte
3. Neutrophilic myelocyte

Front 20

For granulocyte white blood cell production, what are the three cells that the myelocytes form?

Back 20

1. Eosinophil
2. Basophil
3. Neutrophil

Front 21

For agranulocyte white blood cell production, what are the four cells that the prolymphocytes promonocytes form?

Back 21

1. Monocyte
2. B lymphocyte
3. T lymphocyte
4. NK cell

Front 22

What are the five cell types involved in the production of a red blood cell in order from first cell type to final product?

Back 22

1. Hemopoietic stem cell

2. Erythrocyte colony forming unit

3. Erythroblast

4. Reticulocyte

5. Erythrocyte

Front 23

What is the term for the production of red blood cells?

Back 23

Erythropoiesis

Front 24

T/F: Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus and mitochondria.

Back 24

True

Front 25

What is the main role of red blood cells?

Back 25

Transport oxygen

Front 26

What makes up the outer plasma membrane of a mature red blood cell?

Back 26

Glycolipids

Front 27

What are the two cytoskeletal proteins that make up the inner surface of a red blood cell; giving it resilience and durability?

Back 27

1. Spectrin

2. Actin

Front 28

What are the two things that hemoglobin consists of?

Back 28

1. Four globins

2. Four heme groups

Front 29

What part of hemoglobin binds oxygen to ferrous iron, allowing each to carry one molecule of oxygen; total of four oxygen?

Back 29

Heme group

Front 30

How long does it take for the formation of a new red blood cell?

Back 30

3-5 days

Front 31

What are the four stages involved in the production of a mature red blood cell?

Back 31

1. Reduction in cell size

2. Increase in cell number

3. Synthesis of hemoglobin

4. Loss of the nucleus and organelles

Front 32

What is present on the erythrocyte colony forming unit that transform it into a erythroblast?

Back 32

Receptors for the hormone erythropoietin

Front 33

Once a erythroblast multiples and synthesizes hemoglobin, what happens to the nucleus, resulting in the formation of a reticulocyte?

Back 33

It shrivels up and is discharged from the cell

Front 34

What is the average life cycle of a red blood cell?

Back 34

120 days

Front 35

What type of feedback loop maintains the red blood cell count?

Back 35

Negative

Front 36

What is the term for an oxygen deficiency in the blood?

Back 36

Hypoxemia

Front 37

Where do many red blood cells die in the body?

Back 37

Spleen

Front 38

How is hemoglobin disposed of in the body after a red blood cell has died; 4 steps?

Back 38

1. Macrophages separate the heme from the globin

2. They change the globin into free amino acids to be used for energy or protein synthesis

3. They remove the iron from the heme and release it into the blood

4. Rest of the heme is converted into biliverdin then into bilirubin

Front 39

Which blood type is the universal donor?

Back 39

O-

Front 40

Which blood type is the universal recipient?

Back 40

AB+

Front 41

What type of antigens will a Type A person have?

Back 41

A

Front 42

What type of antigens will a Type B person have?

Back 42

B

Front 43

What type of antibodies will a Type A person have?

Back 43

Anti B

Front 44

What type of antibodies will a Type B person have?

Back 44

Anti A

Front 45

What type of antigens will a Type AB person have?

Back 45

A

B

Front 46

What type of antigens will a Type O person have?

Back 46

None

Front 47

What type of antibodies will a Type AB person have?

Back 47

None

Front 48

What type of antibodies will a Type O person have?

Back 48

Anti A

Anti B

Front 49

What white blood cell is a granulocyte that phagocytizes bacteria and releases antimicrobial chemicals?

Back 49

Neutrophil

Front 50

What white blood cell is a granulocyte that phagocytizes allergens, is involved in the inflammatory response, and releases enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites?

Back 50

Eosinophil

Front 51

What white blood cell is a granulocyte that secretes histamine and heparin, promoting the mobility of other white blood cells by preventing clotting?

Back 51

Basophil

Front 52

What white blood cell is an agranulocyte that destroys foreign cells, present antigens to activate other immune system cells, secretes antibodies, and serves in immune memory?

Back 52

Lymphocytes

Front 53

What white blood cell is an agranulocyte that turns into macrophages and phagocytizes pathogens?

Back 53

Monocyte

Front 54

What are the four steps in the production of platelets?

Back 54

1. Hemopoietic stem cells have receptors for thrombopoietin which change them into megakaryoblasts

2. They duplicate their DNA resulting in a megakaryocyte

3. It sprouts proplatelets that protrude through the endothelium into the sinusoid blood

4. Blood flow breaks pieces of them off forming platelets that then travel throughout the bloodstream

Front 55

What are the three ways inappropriate clotting is prevented?

Back 55

1. Platelet repulsion

2. Dilution

3. Anticoagulants

Front 56

What are the three steps in hemostasis?

Back 56

1. Vascular spasm

2. Platelet plug formation

3. Coagulation

Front 57

What step occurs during hemostasis where vasoconstriction of a broken vessel reduces bleeding?

Back 57

Vascular spasm

Front 58

What step occurs during hemostasis where a platelet plug forms as platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibers of the vessel wall, temporarily sealing the break?

Back 58

Platelet plug formation

Front 59

What step occurs during hemostasis where a blood clot forms as platelets become meshed in fibrin threads, forming a longer lasting seal and gives the vessel time to repair itself?

Back 59

Coagulation

Front 60

What usually makes the endothelium of a blood vessel smooth acting as a platelet repellent, but when injured has collagen fibers that become exposed to the blood, adhering to platelets flowing by?

Back 60

Prostacyclin

Front 61

What are the three release factors from platelets undergoing degranulation to promote hemostasis?

Back 61

1. Serotonin

2. ADP

3. Thromboxane A2

Front 62

What is converted from a plasma protein that is considered a sticky protein that adheres to the walls of a vessel sticking platelets and blood to it as they arrive?

Back 62

Fibrin

Front 63

What are the three steps in extrinsic mechanism of coagulation?

Back 63

1. Damaged blood vessel releases Factor III

2. Factor III combines with Factor VII

3. If calcium is present they bind with it to activate Factor X

Front 64

What are the three steps in intrinsic mechanism of coagulation?

Back 64

1. Platelets degranulate and release Factor XII

2. Cascade reaction occurs activating Factor XI, Factor IX, and Factor VIII (in that order)

3. Final Factor X is activated (calcium and pherrous iron must be present)

Front 65

What are the four steps in the completion of coagulation?

Back 65

1. Factor X combines with Factor III and Factor V

2. Produces prothrombin activator which is converted into thrombin

3. Thrombin chops ups fibrinogen into fibrin

4. Factor XIII links the strands together creating the framework of a clot

Front 66

What occurs after a clot has formed, pulling the fibrin threads closer together to make the clot more compact?

Back 66

Clot retraction

Front 67

What are the five repair steps involved after clot retraction has occurred?

Back 67

1. Platelets secrete PDGF stimulating the multiplication of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

2. They repair the damaged vessel

3. Fibrous tissue is formed, helping to strengthen and seal the vessel while the repair is being done

4. Fibrinolysis gets rid of the clot after finished repair

5. Factor XII makes kallikrein which makes plasmin, helping to dissolve the clot

Front 68

What type of feedback loop occurs during clotting?

Back 68

Positive

Front 69

What are short, thick, branched cells that only have one nucleus surrounded by a mass of glycogen, that join together to form a network through each pair of heart chambers?

Back 69

Cardiocytes

Front 70

What does the firing of the SA node excite, causing them to contract?

Back 70

Atria

Front 71

Why is it a good thing that once the signal reaches the AV node that it slows down?

Back 71

It gives the ventricles time to fill up with blood before they begin to contract

Front 72

Where does ventricular systole begin?

Back 72

Apex of the heart

Front 73

Because the ventricular cardiocytes are arranged in a spiral manner, what happens to them once they contract?

Back 73

Twist

Front 74

T/F: Cardiocytes only depolarize once they have been stimulated, unlike the cells of the SA node.

Back 74

True

Front 75

What type of channels are opened, causing an inflow of these ions which depolarizes the cardiac cell to threshold?

Back 75

Sodium

Front 76

What does a prolonged depolarization in cardiac muscle cause?

Back 76

Plateau

Front 77

T/F: As long as the action potential is in its plateau, the cardiocytes contract.

Back 77

True

Front 78

T/F: An EKG traces a single action potential.

Back 78

False: It is a composite recording of all action potentials produced by the nodal and myocardial cells.

Front 79

What is produced on an EKG when a signal from the SA node spreads through the atria and depolarizes them?

Back 79

P wave

Front 80

What segment on an EKG represents the time required for impulses to travel from the SA node to the AV node?

Back 80

P wave

Front 81

What is produced on an EKG when the signal from the AV node spreads through the ventricular myocardium and depolarizes the muscle?

Back 81

QRS complex

Front 82

What segment on an EKG represents the time during which the ventricles contract and eject blood?

Back 82

QRS complex

Front 83

What is produced on an EKG when the signal from the ventricles begins to repolarize?

Back 83

T wave

Front 84

T/F: The ventricles take longer to repolarize than they do to depolarize.

Back 84

True

Front 85

What consists of one complete contraction and relaxation of all four heart chambers?

Back 85

Cardiac cycle

Front 86

Where does pressure flow along its gradient?

Back 86

Down its gradient

Front 87

What happens to the pressure inside the ventricle as it expands?

Back 87

Pressure falls

Front 88

As the ventricle expands, causing a decrease in pressure, what has to be open in order for blood to be able to move into the ventricle?

Back 88

AV valve

Front 89

During contraction of a ventricle, what happens to the pressure inside it?

Back 89

Pressure rises

Front 90

As pressure rises during contraction of a ventricle, what has to be open in order for the blood to move into the aorta?

Back 90

Aortic valve

Front 91

What happens to the AV valve once blood begins rushing into the ventricle below, causing an increase in pressure?

Back 91

It is forced closed by the blood so blood does not flow backwards into the atria.

Front 92

What are produced with the closing of the valves as a result of turbulence in the bloodstream and movement of the heart wall?

Back 92

Heart sounds

Front 93

What are the four phases of the cardiac cycle?

Back 93

1. Ventricular filling

2. Isovolumetric contraction

3. Ventricular ejection

4. Isovolumetric relaxation

Front 94

What are the three steps involved during ventricular filling?

Back 94

1. Ventricles expand and their pressure drops below the pressure of the atria

2. AV valves open and blood flows in

3. Pressure inside ventricles increases and atrial pressure decreases

Front 95

What are the three phases ventricular filling occurs in?

Back 95

1. Rapid filling

2. Diastosis

3. Atrial systole

Front 96

What are the six steps involved during isovolumetric contraction?

Back 96

1. Atria repolarize, relax, and remain in diastole for the rest of the cardiac cycle

2. Ventricles depolarize and begin to contract

3. Pressure rises sharply and tries to leave the ventricle back up through the atria

4. AV valves close and first heart sound is heard

5. Pressure in the aorta and semilunar valves are still greater then the ventricles so they oppose the opening of the semilunar valves

6. Ventricles wait to eject blood as their volume remains unchanged

Front 97

What are the three steps involved in ventricular ejection?

Back 97

1. Once pressure in the ventricles exceeds arterial pressure blood forces the semilunar valves open

2. Rapid ejection occurs then turns into reduced ejection once under less pressure

3. Ventricles maintain some blood in them

Front 98

What is the term for the amount of blood that fills the ventricles after ventricular filling?

Back 98

End diastolic volume

Front 99

What is the term for the amount of blood ejected during ventricular ejection?

Back 99

Stroke volume

Front 100

What is the term for the amount of blood that remains in the ventricles after ventricular ejection has occurred?

Back 100

End systolic volume

Front 101

What is the formula for finding the end systolic volume?

Back 101

End diastolic volume - Stroke volume = End systolic volume

Front 102

What are the three steps involved in isovolumetric relaxation?

Back 102

1. Ventricles begin to expand

2. Blood from the aorta and pulmonary trunk flows backward against the semilunar valves causing the second heart sound

3. AV valves are still closed and the ventricles are not taking in any blood

Front 103

What is the term for the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle in one minute?

Back 103

Cardiac output

Front 104

What is the difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output?

Back 104

Cardiac reserve

Front 105

How is cardiac output determined?

Back 105

Heart rate X Stroke volume

Front 106

What is the term for a persistent resting adult heart rate above 100 bmp?

Back 106

Tachycardia

Front 107

What is the term for a persistent resting adult rate below 60 bpm?

Back 107

Bradycardia

Front 108

What are factors that raise heart rate called?

Back 108

Positive chronotropic agents

Front 109

What are factors that lower heart rate called?

Back 109

Negative chronotropic agents

Front 110

What are the three variables that govern stroke volume?

Back 110

1. Preload

2. Contractility

3. Afterload

Front 111

What is the amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract?

Back 111

Preload

Front 112

T/F: When ventricles contract more forcefully they expel more blood.

Back 112

True

Front 113

What principle states that stroke volume is proportional to the end diastolic volume; the more the ventricles are stretched the harder they contract on the next beat?

Back 113

Frank-Starling law of the heart

Front 114

What refers to how hard the myocardium contracts for a given preload?

Back 114

Contractility

Front 115

What is the term for factors that increase contractility: calcium?

Back 115

Positive inotropic agents

Front 116

What is the term for factors that decrease contractility: hyperkalemia?

Back 116

Negative inotropic agents

Front 117

What is the sum of all forces a ventricle must overcome before it can eject blood?

Back 117

Afterload

Front 118

Where is the most significant contribution from when it comes to the afterload?

Back 118

Blood pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk distal to the semilunar valves

Front 119

Would scar tissue buildup in the lungs increase or decrease afterload in the pulmonary trunk?

Back 119

Increase

Front 120

What type of effects results from sympathetic stimulation, epinephrine and norepinephrine, thyroid hormone, hypocalcemia, and hypercapnia and acidosis?

Back 120

Positive chronotropic agents

Front 121

What type of effects results from parasympathetic stimulation, ACH, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, and hypoxia?

Back 121

Negative chronotropic agents

Front 122

What type of effects results from sympathetic stimulation, epinephrine and norepinephrine, Hypercalcemia, digitalis, glucagon, and caffeine?

Back 122

Positive inotropic agents

Front 123

What type of effects results from hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, myocardial hypoxia, myocardial hypercapnia, and myocardial acidosis?

Back 123

Negative inotropic agents

Front 124

What happens to cardiac output if sympathetic output from the cardiac center increases?

Back 124

Cardiac output increases

Front 125

What efferent blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Back 125

Artery

Front 126

What afferent blood vessel carries blood back to the heart?

Back 126

Vein

Front 127

What are microscopic, thin walled vessels that connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins?

Back 127

Capillaries

Front 128

What are the three layers of a blood vessel?

Back 128

1. Tunica interna

2. Tunica media

3. Tunica externa

Front 129

Which layer of a blood vessel lines the inside, consists of a simple squamous endothelium overlying a basement membrane, and is exposed to the blood?

Back 129

Tunica interna

Front 130

What are the three functions of the tunica interna of a blood vessel?

Back 130

1. Selectively permeable barrier

2. Secretes chemicals to stimulate constriction or dilation

3. Repels blood cells and platelets so they don't stick

Front 131

What happens when the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged?

Back 131

Platelets adhere to it and form a blood clot

Front 132

What are formed when the endothelium has an inflammatory response, adhering leukocytes to the surface of the area where they can take action?

Back 132

Cell adhesion molecules

Front 133

Which layer of a blood vessel consists of smooth muscle, collagen, and some elastic tissue, strengthens the vessel, and prevents blood pressure from rupturing them?

Back 133

Tunica media

Front 134

What is produced by the tunica media that changes the diameter of a blood vessel?

Back 134

Vasomotion

Front 135

Which layer is the outermost layer of a blood vessel that consists of loose connective tissue that helps anchor the vessel?

Back 135

Tunica externa

Front 136

What are sometimes called the resistance vessels because they are built to withstand ejection from the heart, are more muscular, and retain their shape even after they have emptied?

Back 136

Arteries

Front 137

What are known as the biggest arteries that expand during ventricular systole (taking pressure off smaller arteries) and recoil during ventricular diastole (preventing blood pressure from dropping to low during relaxation and refilling)?

Back 137

Conducting arteries

Front 138

What happens to conducting arteries overtime that causes them to be less able to expand which puts more pressure on the smaller arteries over time, causing the possibility of developing aneurysms?

Back 138

Arteriosclerosis (stiffen)

Front 139

What artery follows a conducting artery and distributes blood to specific organs?

Back 139

Distributing arteries

Front 140

What artery follows a distributing artery and branch into arterioles which are the smallest of the arteries?

Back 140

Resistance arteries

Front 141

What are short vessels that link arteries and capillaries?

Back 141

Metarterioles

Front 142

What are found in the common carotid arteries that act as chemoreceptors to monitor changes in blood composition: stabilize pH?

Back 142

Carotid bodies

Front 143

What do arterioles, capillaries, and venules make up?

Back 143

Microvasculature

Front 144

What type of capillary occurs in most tissues and is held together by tight junctions?

Back 144

Continuous capillaries

Front 145

What structure separates the endothelial cells of a continuous capillary allowing only small solutes to pass through (glucose) and not allowing large molecules to pass through (plasma proteins, platelets, and blood cells)?

Back 145

Intercellular cleft

Front 146

T/F: The brain contains intercellular clefts.

Back 146

False: They have more complete tight junctions that form the blood brain barrier.

Front 147

What are found outside the capillary that wrap around it and contract, regulate blood flow, and contribute to vessel growth and repair?

Back 147

Pericytes

Front 148

What type of capillary consists of a much thinner glycoprotein membrane, allowing for rapid exchange of small molecules, but still retains larger molecules in the bloodstream?

Back 148

Fenestrated capillaries

Front 149

What type of capillary is important in organs that engage in rapid absorption and filtration?

Back 149

Fenestrated capillaries

Front 150

What type of capillary is an irregular blood filled space in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen that conform to the shape of the surrounding tissue that contain large fenestrations through them allowing for the passage of large molecules, plasma proteins, and blood cells?

Back 150

Sinusoid

Front 151

What are capillaries organized into where 10-100 capillaries are supplied by 1 metarteriole?

Back 151

Capillary bed

Front 152

True/False: There is not enough blood in the body to fill the entire vascular system at once, at any given time about three quarters of the body's capillaries are shut down?

Back 152

True

Front 153

What vessel is also known as the capacitance vessel of the cardiovascular system, because they easily accommodate an increased volume in blood?

Back 153

Veins

Front 154

Why are veins so thin walled and accommodating?

Back 154

Since they are distant from the ventricles, they are subjected to relatively low blood pressure, and have a steady flow instead of a pulsating one like the hearts have with the heart

Front 155

For arteries, does blood flow from the largest to the smallest artery or the smallest to the largest?

Back 155

Largest to the smallest

Front 156

For veins, does blood flow from the largest to the smallest vein or the smallest to the largest?

Back 156

Smallest to the largest

Front 157

Which vein is the smallest and receive blood directly from the capillaries or through thoroughfare channels?

Back 157

Postcapillary venules

Front 158

Which vein receives blood from the postcapillary venules?

Back 158

Muscular venules

Front 159

Which vein receives blood from the muscular venules and account for the regional names of veins in the body: radial and ulnar veins?

Back 159

Medium veins

Front 160

What do medium veins contain that help push blood upward against gravity with the help of skeletal muscles: skeletal muscle pump?

Back 160

Venous valves

Front 161

What occurs when the venous valves no longer work?

Back 161

Varicose veins

Front 162

What veins extend from the medium veins and are not capable of vasomotion because they lack smooth muscle?

Back 162

Venous sinuses

Front 163

What veins extend from the venous sinuses and are considered the biggest veins in the body: vena cava and jugular veins?

Back 163

Large veins

Front 164

What is the simplest most common route of blood flow: 5 steps?

Back 164

1. Heart

2. Arteries

3. Capillaries

4. Veins

5. Heart

Front 165

What occurs when blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart: only occurs in a few areas of the body?

Back 165

Portal system

Front 166

What is the term for the point where two blood vessels merge?

Back 166

Anastomosis

Front 167

What occurs when blood flows directly from an artery to a vein and bypasses the capillaries: fingers and toes when we need to bypass heat?

Back 167

Arteriovenous anastomosis

Front 168

What is the most common anastomosis in which one vein empties directly into another vein: provides alternative routes of drainage for an organ making blockage less of a threat?

Back 168

Venous anastomosis

Front 169

What provides collateral routes of blood supply to a tissue and occurs when two arteries merge: found in joints where movement may compress one pathway?

Back 169

Arterial anastomosis

Front 170

What are the two ways blood supply can be expressed?

Back 170

1. Flow

2. Perfusion

Front 171

What is the term for the amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel in a give time?

Back 171

Flow

Front 172

What is the term for the flow per given volume of mass of tissue?

Back 172

Perfusion

Front 173

True/False: In a resting human, total flow is constant and equal to cardiac output.

Back 173

True

Front 174

True/False: Blood flow through individual organs is usually constant.

Back 174

False: It varies from minute to minute as blood is redirected from one organ to another.

Front 175

What is the term for the physical principles of blood flow which are based on pressure and resistance?

Back 175

Hemodynamics

Front 176

The greater the pressure difference between two points, the greater the __________.

Back 176

Flow

Front 177

The greater the resistance between two points, the less the __________.

Back 177

Flow

Front 178

What is the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall?

Back 178

Blood pressure

Front 179

What is the peak arterial pressure attained during ventricular contraction?

Back 179

Systolic pressure

Front 180

What is the minimum arterial blood pressure occurring during the ventricular relaxation between heart beats?

Back 180

Diastolic pressure

Front 181

What is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure and measures the maximum stress exerted on small arteries by the pressure surges generated by the heart?

Back 181

Pulse pressure

Front 182

What is the term for the mean pressure you would obtain if you took blood pressure measurements at different intervals throughout the cardiac cycle: pulse pressure/3 + diastolic pressure?

Back 182

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Front 183

What is the term for the growth of lipid deposits in the arterial walls, which become calcified and give the arteries a hard, bonelike consistency?

Back 183

Atherosclerosis

Front 184

What is the term for a chronic resting blood pressure higher than 140/90, which can weaken small arteries and cause aneurysms?

Back 184

Hypertension

Front 185

What is the term for a chronic low resting blood pressure and is due to anemia, dehydration, and blood loss?

Back 185

Hypotension

Front 186

What are the three variables that blood pressure is determined by?

Back 186

1. Cardiac output

2. Blood volume

3. Resistance to flow

Front 187

Which organ has the greatest influence on blood pressure because it regulates blood volume?

Back 187

Kidneys

Front 188

What is the term for the opposition to flow that the blood encounters in vessels away from the heart?

Back 188

Peripheral resistance

Front 189

True/False: A moving fluid has no pressure unless it encounters at least some resistance.

Back 189

True

Front 190

Pressure is affected by _________.

Back 190

Resistance

Front 191

Flow is affected by __________ and __________.

Back 191

Pressure

Resistance

Front 192

What are the three variables that affect resistance?

Back 192

1. Blood viscosity

2. Vessel length

3. Vessel radius

Front 193

What refers to the thickness of the blood?

Back 193

Viscosity

Front 194

Pressure and flow __________ with distance.

Back 194

Decline

Front 195

Blood flow is __________ near the center of the vessel where is encounters less friction.

Back 195

Faster

Front 196

Blood flow is __________ near the walls of a vessel because it drags against the wall.

Back 196

Slower

Front 197

What is the formula for determining blood flow?

Back 197

Flow = Radius (to the fourth power)

Front 198

True/False: Blood in the veins regains the velocity it had in the large arteries.

Back 198

False: It never does because the veins are farther from the heart.

Front 199

What have the most control over peripheral resistance and blood flow because they are positioned to regulate blood flow into the capillary beds, outnumber all the vessels, and are more muscular in proportion to their size than any other blood vessel?

Back 199

Arterioles