P262 Lab Practicum 1

Front 1

What occur in many locations of the body and are found in places such as the skin, muscle, joints, and viscera, and include senses of touch, pressure, changes in temperature, pain, blood pressure, and stretching?

Back 1

General senses

Front 2

What occur in specific locations, such as the eye, ear, tongue, and nose, and include taste, smell, sight, hearing, and balance?

Back 2

Special senses

Front 3

What are types of stimuli, such as light, heat, sound, pressure, and specific chemicals, that give us our perception of the environment?

Back 3

Modalities

Front 4

What receptor responds to light and is located in the retina of the eye?

Back 4

Photoreceptor

Front 5

What receptor responds to changes in temperature and is located in the skin and other areas?

Back 5

Thermoreceptor

Front 6

What receptor responds to changes in the position of the body and in tension and is located in the tendons where muscles contract?

Back 6

Proprioceptor

Front 7

What receptor is also known as a pain receptor and is found as naked nerve endings throughout most of the body?

Back 7

Nociceptor

Front 8

What receptor responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or receptors in the ear that respond to sound or motion?

Back 8

Mechanoreceptor

Front 9

What receptor responds to changes in blood pressure?

Back 9

Baroreceptor

Front 10

What receptor responds to changes in the chemical environment such as taste and smell?

Back 10

Chemoreceptor

Front 11

What is the perception of pain in one area of the body when the pain is somewhere else?

Back 11

Referred pain

Front 12

What is a sensory receptor that receives external stimuli?

Back 12

Exteroreceptor

Front 13

What is a sensory receptor that receives stimuli from within the body, especially from the gut and other internal organs?

Back 13

Interoceptor

Front 14

What appear on the sides of the papillae of the tongue and appear lighter than the surrounding tissue?

Back 14

Taste buds

Front 15

What are the two types of cells found in taste buds?

Back 15

1. Supporting cells

2. Taste cells

Front 16

What cell type is considered the receptor in taste buds; they are specialized epithelial cells with hairs that project into the taste pores near the surface of the tongue?

Back 16

Taste cells

Front 17

What is the term for the sense of taste?

Back 17

Gustation

Front 18

What are the five primary tastes?

Back 18

1. Sweet

2. Sour

3. Salty

4. Bitter

5. Umami

Front 19

What is the term for the sense of smell?

Back 19

Olfaction

Front 20

What is located in the upper region of the nasal cavity and is made up of the olfactory epithelium and the underlying lamina propria?

Back 20

Olfactory mucosa

Front 21

What cell type of considered the receptor in the olfactory mucosa; specialized neurons that receive chemical input from the environment?

Back 21

Olfactory cells

Front 22

What is a membrane that covers the whites of the eyes and continues underneath the eyelids?

Back 22

Conjuctiva

Front 23

What are the two parts that make up the fibrous layer/tunic of the eye; the most superficial layer?

Back 23

1. Sclera

2. Cornea

Front 24

What is the protective portion of the eye that is an attachment point for the muscles of the eye and helps maintain the intraocular pressure?

Back 24

Sclera

Front 25

What structure of the eye is most responsible for the bending of light rays that strike the eye, adjusting the images in order to focus; transparent layer of the eye in front of the anterior chamber?

Back 25

Cornea

Front 26

What are the three parts that make up the vascular layer/tunic of the eye; the middle layer?

Back 26

1. Choroid

2. Ciliary body

3. Iris

Front 27

What structure gives us a particular eye color; blue gray eyes are more sensitive to bright light?

Back 27

Iris

Front 28

What structure is the space enclosed by the iris, which can constrict or dilate allowing a certain amount of light in?

Back 28

Pupil

Front 29

What structure contains blood vessels that nourish the eye and the pigmentation prevents light from scattering and blurring vision?

Back 29

Choroid

Front 30

What structure connects the iris to the choroid?

Back 30

Ciliary body

Front 31

What are the two parts that make up the neural layer; the inner layer closest to the vitreous body?

Back 31

1. Retina

2. Optic nerve

Front 32

What structure consists of an outer pigmented epithelium and neural layer which absorbs light passing through the eye and prevents light scattering?

Back 32

Retina

Front 33

What structure transmits impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye?

Back 33

Optic nerve

Front 34

What is the fluid filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface?

Back 34

Anterior chamber

Front 35

What is a narrow space behind the peripheral part of the iris and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes?

Back 35

Posterior chamber

Front 36

What is the clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea?

Back 36

Aqueous humor

Front 37

What is the transparent jellylike tissue filling the eyeball behind the lens?

Back 37

Vitreous chamber

Front 38

What is a transparent structure in the eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina?

Back 38

Lens

Front 39

What is a ringlike fibrous membrane that connects the ciliary body and the lens of the eye, holding the lens in place?

Back 39

Suspensory ligament

Front 40

What is the raised disc on the retina at the point of entry of the optic nerve, and lacks visual receptors which creates a blind spot?

Back 40

Optic disc

Front 41

What is a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual activity is highest; center of the field of vision where retinal cones are concentrated?

Back 41

Fovea centralis

Front 42

What is an oval yellowish area surrounding the fovea near the center of the retina in the eye; region of greatest visual acuity?

Back 42

Macula lutea

Front 43

What is the pathway of light?

Back 43

Cornea > Anterior Chamber w/ Aqueous Humor > Iris w/Pupil > Posterior Chamber w/Aqueous Humor > Lens > Vitreous Chamber w/Vitreous Body > Retina > Optic Nerve

Front 44

What type of cells make up the rods and cones of the eye?

Back 44

Photoreceptor cells

Front 45

What are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than the other type of visual receptor, are concentrated in the outer edges of the retina, and are used in peripheral vision; function best in dim light?

Back 45

Rods

Front 46

What are photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision and eye color sensitivity, where they function best in bright light?

Back 46

Cones

Front 47

What type of equilibrium occurs when you are standing still?

Back 47

Static equilibrium

Front 48

What type of equilibrium occurs when you are moving?

Back 48

Dynamic equilibrium

Front 49

What type of hearing loss/deafness occurs when something is supposed to vibrate but doesn't?

Back 49

Conduction

Front 50

What type of hearing loss/deafness occurs when there is a problem with anything neural, because there are no nerve impulses being sent?

Back 50

Sensorineural

Front 51

What type of test is given to determine your vision?

Back 51

Snellen test

Front 52

In a 20/20 scale, if the bottom number is higher than the top number is your vision good or bad?

Back 52

Bad

Front 53

In a 20/20 scale, if the bottom number is lower than the top number is your vision good or bad?

Back 53

Good

Front 54

What are the two parts that make up the outer ear?

Back 54

1. Pinna

2. Auditory Canal

Front 55

What is the function of the outer ear?

Back 55

It's a funnel to pick up sound

Front 56

What are the three parts that make up the middle ear?

Back 56

1. Tympanic membrane

2. Ossicles

3. Eustachian tube

Front 57

What divides the outer ear from the middle ear and is the first thing that sound waves hit?

Back 57

Tympanic membrane

Front 58

What are the smallest bones found in the human body?

Back 58

Ossicles

Front 59

What part of the middle ear leads to the throat, and equalizes the pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane (ear popping)?

Back 59

Eustachian tube

Front 60

What are the three ossicles?

Back 60

1. Malleus (first)

2. Incus (middle)

3. Stapes (last)

Front 61

What are the three parts that make up the inner ear?

Back 61

1. Cochlea

2. Vestibule

3. Semicircular ducts

Front 62

What type of equilibrium occurs through the vestibule?

Back 62

Static equilibrium

Front 63

What type of equilibrium occurs through the semicircular ducts?

Back 63

Dynamic equilibrium

Front 64

What structure found in the inner ear is considered the hearing organ?

Back 64

Cochlea

Front 65

What are the two parts of the cochlea?

Back 65

1. Round window

2. Oval window

Front 66

What is the pathway for sound?

Back 66

Auditory canal -> Tympanic membrane -> Malleus -> Incus -> Stapes -> Oval window -> Cochlea -> Cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 67

What type of glands do not have ducts, secrete into the bloodstream, and produce hormones?

Back 67

Endocrine glands

Front 68

What type of glands have ducts, secrete onto surfaces or lumen, and make everything else like saliva, sweat, sebum, digestive juices, and tears?

Back 68

Exocrine glands

Front 69

What is a chemical message that is similar to a neurotransmitter and acts on target cells; produced by an endocrine gland?

Back 69

Hormone

Front 70

What are tissues or organs that have specific receptors so hormones can bind to them?

Back 70

Target cells

Front 71

What gland produces melatonin?

Back 71

Pineal gland

Front 72

What hormone helps regulate the 24 hour circadian rhythms?

Back 72

Melatonin

Front 73

What controls the entire central nervous system and hormone release by secreting stimulating hormones or inhibitory hormones?

Back 73

Hypothalamus

Front 74

What is the non endocrine function of the hypothalamus?

Back 74

Homeostasis

Front 75

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

Back 75

1. Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

2. Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)

Front 76

What is the adenohypophysis lobe of the pituitary gland made up of?

Back 76

Endocrine tissue

Front 77

What is the neurohypophysis lobe of the pituitary gland made up of; not endocrine?

Back 77

Nervous tissue

Front 78

What hormone produced in the thyroid gland increases metabolic iodine?

Back 78

T3 and T4

Front 79

What hormone produced by the thyroid gland decreases blood calcium levels?

Back 79

Calcitonin

Front 80

What hormone does the parathyroid gland produce?

Back 80

Parathyroid hormone

Front 81

What hormone increases blood calcium levels?

Back 81

Parathyroid hormone

Front 82

What gland is known as the "shrinking gland" because it's biggest in children and smallest in adults; stimulates T cells which are natural killer cells?

Back 82

Thymus

Front 83

What hormone stimulates T cells in the body?

Back 83

Thymosins

Front 84

What part of the pancreas functions as endocrine; produces insulin and glucagon?

Back 84

Pancreatic islets

Front 85

What part of the pancreas functions as exocrine; produces pancreatic juice for digestion?

Back 85

Acinar cells

Front 86

What hormone decreases blood sugar by opening up cells for glucose?

Back 86

Insulin

Front 87

What hormone is from stored glucose, is found in the muscle and liver, and turns glycogen into glucose and puts it back into the blood stream?

Back 87

Glucagon

Front 88

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?

Back 88

1. Adrenal medulla (inner layer)

2. Adrenal cortex (outer layer)

Front 89

What part of the adrenal gland produces corticosteroid hormones?

Back 89

Adrenal cortex

Front 90

What hormone involves water and electrolyte balance, metabolism, and produces sex hormones?

Back 90

Corticosteroid hormone

Front 91

What part of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Back 91

Adrenal medulla

Front 92

What hormones are used for the body's "fight or flight" response?

Back 92

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 93

What are the two structures that make up the testes?

Back 93

1. Interstitial cells (endocrine)

2. Seminiferous tubules (exocrine)

Front 94

What hormone do the interstitial cells of the testes produce?

Back 94

Testosterone

Front 95

What do the seminiferous tubules produce?

Back 95

Sperm

Front 96

What are the two structures that the follicle of an ovary contain?

Back 96

1. Granulosa (endocrine)

2. Oocyte (exocrine)

Front 97

What hormones do the granulosa in the ovary produce?

Back 97

Estrogen and progesterone

Front 98

What does an oocyte produce?

Back 98

Egg

Front 99

What is a white blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm?

Back 99

Granulocyte

Front 100

What are the three types of granulocytes?

Back 100

1. Neutrophil

2. Eosinophil

3. Basophil

Front 101

What granulocyte is the most common of leukocytes and functions to phagocytize bacteria?

Back 101

Neutrophil

Front 102

What granulocyte is the rarest of the leukocytes and functions to secrete histamine and heparin in response to an allergic reaction; inflammatory response?

Back 102

Basophil

Front 103

What granulocyte functions to fight off parasites and phagocytizes allergens?

Back 103

Eosinophil

Front 104

What is a white blood cell characterized by the absence of granules in the cytoplasm?

Back 104

Agranulocyte

Front 105

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

Back 105

1. Monocyte

2. Lymphocyte

Front 106

What agranulocyte has two functions that involve T-cells and B-cells?

Back 106

Lymphocyte

Front 107

What lymphocyte destroys foreign cells and virus infected cells; natural killers?

Back 107

T-cells

Front 108

What lymphocyte produces antibodies?

Back 108

B-cells

Front 109

What agranulocyte are the biggest leukocytes and function to phagocytize and become macrophages?

Back 109

Monocyte

Front 110

What are the two basic components of blood?

Back 110

1. Plasma (55% liquid)

2. Formed elements (45% solid)

Front 111

What are the three formed elements found in blood?

Back 111

1. Red blood cells

2. White blood cells

3. Platelets

Front 112

What is plasma mostly made up of; 90%?

Back 112

Water

Front 113

What are the three types of proteins that make up plasma?

Back 113

1. Albumin (most abundant)

2. Globulin

3. Fibrinogen

Front 114

What plasma protein transports and buffers the blood and maintains the osmotic pressure?

Back 114

Albumin

Front 115

What plasma protein transports and clots blood, and is involved with using antibodies?

Back 115

Globulin

Front 116

What plasma protein helps form clots?

Back 116

Fibrinogen

Front 117

What do erythrocytes (red blood cells contain) that transports oxygen?

Back 117

Hemoglobin

Front 118

What formed element is involved with clotting blood and does not contain a nucleus, but is instead cell fragments?

Back 118

Platelets

Front 119

What is a membraneous partition between two body cavities that contains the heart?

Back 119

Mediastinum

Front 120

What are the two locations where the heart is found?

Back 120

1. Mediastinum within the thoracic cavity

2. Pericardial cavity

Front 121

What are the two layers that make up the pericardial sac?

Back 121

1. Outer fibrous layer (strength)

2. Inner serous layer (fluid)

Front 122

What is found inside the parietal pericardium that is filled with serous fluid allowing for free movement?

Back 122

Parietal cavity

Front 123

What structure produces serous fluid and is found right on top of the heart; serous membrane?

Back 123

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

Front 124

What structure makes up the majority of the heart; cardiac muscle?

Back 124

Myocardium

Front 125

What structure lines the inside of the heart and is continuous with blood vessels?

Back 125

Endocardium

Front 126

In reference to the heart name the outer to innermost structures.

Back 126

Mediastinum -> Parietal pericardium -> Parietal cavity -> Visceral pericardium

Front 127

What carries blood away from the heart?

Back 127

Artery

Front 128

What carries blood back to the heart?

Back 128

Vein

Front 129

What connects arteries and veins; exchange occurs here?

Back 129

Capillaries

Front 130

What are the two types of atrioventricular valves and where are they located?

Back 130

1. Bicuspid: between left atrium and left ventricle

2. Tricuspid: between right atrium and right ventricle

Front 131

What are the two types of semilunar valves and where are they located?

Back 131

1. Aortic: between left ventricle and aorta

2. Pulmonary: between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Front 132

What is the difference between the atrioventricular valves and the semilunar valves?

Back 132

The semilunar valves do not have chordae tendineae

Front 133

What provides blood with alternate routes to get oxygen to the same place; backup system in case of a clot?

Back 133

Anastomosis

Front 134

What is the systemic circuit of blood; heart to body?

Back 134

Left ventricle -> Aortic semilunar valve -> Aorta -> Body

Front 135

What is the pulmonary circuit of blood; heart to lungs?

Back 135

Vena cava -> Right atrium -> Tricuspid valve -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary semilunar valve -> Pulmonary trunk -> Pulmonary arteries -> Lungs

Front 136

What is the coronary circuit of blood; heart itself?

Back 136

Pulmonary veins -> Left atrium -> Bicuspid valve -> Left ventricle

Front 137

What provides a fetus with a connection and barrier between it and its mother?

Back 137

Placenta

Front 138

T/F: Maternal blood does not mix with fetal blood.

Back 138

True: They could have different blood types, but they do exchange things.

Front 139

What is a part of the umbilical cord that brings oxygenated blood from the placenta to the heart of the fetus?

Back 139

Umbilical vein

Front 140

What is a part of the umbilical cord that brings deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta?

Back 140

Umbilical artery

Front 141

What is a shunt between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in a fetus, and allows most of the blood to skip the lungs?

Back 141

Ductus arteriosus

Front 142

What is a shunt between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava in a fetus, and allows most of the blood to skip the liver?

Back 142

Ductus venosus

Front 143

What allows most of the blood to skip the lungs in a fetus through a hole between the right and left?

Back 143

Foramen ovale

Front 144

What are large molecules that occur on the outer membrane of a cell that induces an immune response in the body; production of antibodies?

Back 144

Antigens

Front 145

What is a blood protein produced in response to a specific antigen?

Back 145

Antibody

Front 146

What occurs when antibodies in the blood plasma attach to antigens on the surface of red blood cells, causing a reaction?

Back 146

Agglutination

Front 147

What occurs if a person with blood type A receives a transfusion of blood type B, where the anti-B antibodies attack the antigens in the blood introduced into the system?

Back 147

Transfusion reaction

Front 148

What is the percentage of erythrocytes in the total blood volume?

Back 148

Hematocrit

Front 149

What is the term for the rupture of destruction of red blood cells?

Back 149

Hemolysis

Front 150

What is the term for an increase in the hematocrit above normal?

Back 150

Polycythemia

Front 151

What occurs when blood is lost faster than it is replaced or when the production of erythrocytes is low?

Back 151

Anemia

Front 152

What occurs when there is an increase in the number of white blood cells; during an infection?

Back 152

Leukocytosis

Front 153

What occurs when there is a reduction in the number of white blood cells; various diseases?

Back 153

Leukopenia

Front 154

What is a glass slide that has very fine lines etched on its surface and is used to determine the number of cells in the blood?

Back 154

Hemocytometer