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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acyclovir
mech? diseases treated? |
made into triphosphate, integrate viral DNA
inhibit replication HSV-1, HSV-2 shingles and chickenpox |
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Valacyclovir
mech? diseases treated? |
converted to acyclovir
inhibit DNA rep. HSV-1,2 and VZV no IV |
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Foscarnet
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directly inhibit viral enzymes
no incorporation if acy. not work use this inhibit HIV reverstranscriptase HSV1,2, VZV, CMV, HIV-1 CMV first line |
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Trifluridine/Viroptic
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renders the viral proteins inactive
treat keratoconjunctivtis (WTF) treat HSV 1,2, Vaccinia, CMV, some adenovirus |
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Viruses with antiviral drugs
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-HSV
-VZV -HHV 8 -HPV -HBV -HCV -RSV -Influenza -HIV |
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Acyclovir
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-acts against herpes/ DNA viruss
-messes with DNA rep. -can pass breast milk, not topical -pro -topical HSV 1,2 -IV HSV VZV |
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Valacyclovir
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-same as acyclovir only has to be activated
-used for HSV 1,2 and VZV -less doses for same plasma C -but no IV -pro |
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Famciclovir
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-inhibits the DNA polymerase of viruses
-used for HSV 1,2 and VZV -treatment for 5-7 days only -phosphorlated to penciclovir |
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Foscarnet
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-directly inhibits viral enzymes (HIV 1 reverse transcriptase)
-broad spectrum, used if acyclovir or ganciclovir resisted -crosses BBB, hydrate, renal failure -used for HSV 1,2, VZV, CMV, HIV-1 -1st line for CMV immunodeficiency patients |
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Trifluridine/Viroptic
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-fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside
-mech unknown -treat keratoconjuntivitus -used for HSV 1,2, Vaccinia, CMV, some adenoviruses |
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n-docosanol/Abreva
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-prevents viral entry
-used against HSVs -poss. Synergistic w/ acyclovir |
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Ganciclovir
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-used for CMV, HSV 1,2, VZV, EBV
-integrate viral DNA inhibiting polymerase -goes into infected and noninfected cells -if use lower C only affects viral polymerase -cross BBB, no help -possible carsinogen, watch renal |
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Valganciclovir
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-prodrug of ganciclovir
-used to treat CMV retinitis in AIDS |
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Cidofovir
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-inhibits viral DNA syn.
-CMV in AIDS -IV only -doses w/ probenacid |
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Fomivirsen/Vitravene
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-1st anti-sense drug
-inhibit replication of DNA by binding to specific sequence -up intraocular pressure 10-20% -bulls eye maculopathy -no resistance |
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Ribavirin (Virazole)
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-for respiratory syncytial virus
-hardly ever used also active Flu A, B, HSV -not women/or their men |
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Imiquimod
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-induces cytokines (interferons)
-effective against genital warts -good alternative to artificial agents since interferons are natural -interferons antiviral/anticancer |
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Interferon-alpha
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-binds membrane proteins which somehow inhibit viral DNA rep.
-good for chronic HBV and HCV |
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PEG-INF/ Pegasys or Peg-intron
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-PEG increases halflife
-less side effects -combo w/ rabavirin great for HCV -depression |
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INF-alpha / ribavirin (rebetol)
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-unknown (grand)
-chronic HCV -careful hemolytic anemia |
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Amantadine/ Symmetrel
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-for flu A
-bust up ion channel function of M2 proteins (flu B doesnt have them) -w/ INF alpha for HCV -indirect on hemaglutinin open door |
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Rimantadine/Flumadine
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-against flu A
-inhibit viral rep. And maybe decoding |
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Zanamivir (Relenza)
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-neuraminidase inhibitors(inhibt rep.)
-used for FLU A and B -7 older -48 h req. -inhalation -live attenuated? |
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Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
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-prodrug
-like zana but structure diff. -for A or B -48 h req. |
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Antiretrol Virals
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-basically
-monotherapy not option -1 or 2 protease inhibitors and 2 nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors blocking syn. At different stages -palivizumab- only antibody for virus (RSV) |
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Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)
struc treat |
-dsDNA, linear
-enveloped -Acyclovir, famiclovir, valacyclovir (during) -Vaccines--> Varivax, Zostavax, VCVG (immunodeficiency) |
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Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)
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smallest genome herpes
Causes -chicken pox (primary), shingles (secondary) (dew drops rose petal) From -inhalation Danger -more dangerous in adults -can be fatal, brain swelling, seizures, shiut times note- single dermatomes show symptoms at once, travels in spinal nerve no rash- zoster sine herpety humans only reservoir |
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Pox Viruses (smallpox)
Structure Treatment |
-Brick shaped
-dsDNA, linear -enveloped -no treatment, only vaccines! -Dryvax, ACAM 2000 |
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Pox Viruses (smallpox)
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-largest, most complex
-cowpox story, first eradicated Causes -variola causes smallpox (large disfiguring rashes, all at same stage(unlike chicken) Things to check - properties leadin to eradication |
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Morbillivirus (measles)
Structure Treatment |
-helical
- -ssRNA, linear -enveloped -no treatment, vaccines -MMR vaccine (live) -can inject Igs w/i 6 days exposure |
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Morbillivirus (measles)
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Causes
-measles (a classic childhood disease -full body rash startin inside mouth(koplix spots) Danger -due to complications (pneumonia, bacterial secondary infection, diarrhea, encephalitis) -kills 1 mill children worldwide/ year -1 serotype |
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Rubivirus(Rubella)
Structure Treatment |
- +ssRNA, linear
-enveloped -MMR vaccine only |
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Rubivirus(Rubella)
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Diagnose- PCR, ELISA
Causes -Rubella, classic childhood disease -rash again, more intense in adult Danger -highest to fetus which can be made deaf if mother has |
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Structure Treatment |
-dsDNA, circular
-NOT enveloped (2 VACCINES- cERVARIX, gARDASIL) -lots of therapies to remove -Imiquimod -topical cidofovir -common recurrence |
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
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Cause
-most prevalent viral cause STDs in US -warts (benign) 3 types -common- fingers -plantar- foot painful -flat- smooth gentital, come on Danger -will resolve themselves over time -direct contact or fomite transmission |
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Prions
Cause |
-slow destruction of brain tissue aka slow death!
-ex diseases--> Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease--> can be hereditary or aquired -Gerstmann Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome -Fatal Familial Insomnia -Kuru-canabull Detection usually post mortem(but can find dead neuron proteins when alive) |
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Prions
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-protecct by 1N NaoH 1h or lots of steam
-small infectious particles -only protein -no way destroy -called Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) Danger- -well u'll die in one year so prolly -transmitted via blood -drugs can relieve pain but thats bout it |
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Arboviruses
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arthropod borne, include Western, Eastern, West Nile, St. Louis
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Western Equine Encephalitis Virus
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+ssRNA, linear
enveloped -mosquito borne Danger -fatalities in 3-7% infants no vaccine and no treatment -birds and mammals reserviors |
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Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
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+ssRNA, linear
enveloped -most serious mosquito borne disease in US Diagnosis-PCR, serum testin mortality is 35%, also 35% will have neurological defects, survivors lifelong immunity treatment -no treatment or vaccine, must control breeding ground |
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West Nile Encephalitis
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-Spherical
-+ssRNA -Enveloped 80% show no symptoms body fluid transmission (not sexual) Birds natural reservoir Treatment -supportative |
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St. Louis Encephalitis
REYES SYNDROME |
NO ASPIRIN, may cause REYES SYNDROME
Treatment supportive symptoms- from cold to coma/paraylsis rey--up fat accumlation, up pressure on brain |
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Measles Virus (Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)[SSPE
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-rare, fatal degenerative CNS
-changes in personality first sign, retardation Diagnose -check for antimeasles antibody once going survive 1-2 yr -result wildtype measles virus Treatment -no standard, nothing really -2 got better after ribavirin and interferon-alpha |
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Rabiesvirus
S&T |
-helical (bullet)
--ssRNA, linear - enveloped -inactivated sunlight, heat aka die outside host Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) -wound care -adminstration of rabies immune globulin -vaccination with the inactivated rabies virus one world survivor!!! awesome |
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Rabiesvirus
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Danger
-hydrophobia -20-50% -HALLUCINATIONS, COMA, DEATH (not really needed) Diagnose -direct flurescent antibody test (dFA) (ull die) usually found to late to save transmit by: organ donate or bite |
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Poliovirus
strucutre and causes |
-+ssRNA, linear
-NOT enveloped Causes -poliomyelitis -very resistant 3 serotypes |
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Poliovirus
-treatment and random info |
90% Asymptomatic illness
5% minor illness 1-2% CNS back pain and spasms 1-2% paralytic Postpolio syntdrome -nerves may regrow buttt stress means might die Oral Fecal -highly contagious Protect w/ vaccination IPV-inactivated polio vaccine (in US) OPV-oral polio vaccine (live attenuated) (in Africa) |
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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
S and T |
-dsDNA, linear
-enveloped -no vaccine -syptoms treat- penicillin/erythromycin -Guillain Barre syndrome_rare complication |
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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
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Causes
-mono(nucleosus) -casual link to African Burkitt lymphoma 70% pop. by age 30 -pharyngitis worse in adults -Heterophile Ab respionse- good indicator of infection in adults, not guinea pig can be chronic transmit saliva (STD!!!) its effects depend on its effects on B cells (cyto T attacks B, causin inflammation) -1 of effects cancer cuz B cells immortalized |
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Cytomegalovirus
S and T |
-dsDNA, linear
-enveloped -Acyclovir (less potent than other) -Ganciclovir -Valganciclovir -Cidofovir -Foscarnet -can use passive Igs prevent (after organ trans) |
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Cytomegalovirus
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largest genome of herpes virueses
-most viral cause congentital infections -prob. for organ trans. and AIDS -50% adults in US Diagnos -owls eye in enlarged cell -milder form mono -will kill immuno supp. -shedding virus asymptomatic Transmission- almost everything (fluids) |
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Yellow Fever Virus
Dengue fever virus |
live attenuated vaccine
mosquito prevention, no vaccine |
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
S and T |
-retrovirus
ssRNA, linear, plus-sense, diploid enveloped -3 categories for drugs nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors nonnucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors protease inhibitors need cocktail -ART (anti retroviral therapy) when CD4< 350 -stepped up CD4% < 15% must monitor CD4 count |
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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HIV 1&2, but mostly concerned HIV-1
-will bind the gp120 to the CD4 of macrophage lineage (M-tropic), or CCR5 on macrophage or activated T cells, after mutation the virus will bind to CD4 and CXCR4 (T-tropic) -AIDs caused by reduction in CD4 and T cells -detect with CD4:CD8 (low in HIV ppl) ratio for severity -constant genetic mutation of gp120 causing cloaking -CD8 T cells are major fighters of disease but since are activated by CD4 T cells there is major problem |
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Rhino virus
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-cause common cold
+ssRNA -NOT enveloped -more 100 serotypes -bind at ICAM-1 rep best at 33 C (upper rep) -Zicam Cold Remedy- shown to shorten if taken 24-48 |
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Coronavirus
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2nd most common cuase cold
-upper respiratory tract -largest RNA genome -reservoir in birds and mammals -may cause pneumonia, and gastroenteritis -transmit, respiratory, urine, feces... -can cause SARS |
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SARS
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-intense cold w/ vomitting, ab pain
-virus present lots of places -10% mortality rate -even larger in old ppl -outbreak contained by detection and isolation, note for future |
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Influenza virus
S and T |
-helical
-ssRNA, linear/ segmented!!! enveloped Drugs -Amantdine, Rimantadine (elderly, prevent uncoating step for M2) -Oseltamivir, Zanamivir (neuramindase inhib. 48 h to be effective) |
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Influenza virus
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Hemagluttinin- attachemnt
neuraminadase- decon virus name is derived from these 2 -antigenic drift(minor) which causes antigenic shift danger mild to severe illness maybe death (mostly if get secondary bact. pneumonia) 5-20% get / year elderly, young, compromised very contasgious (resp, fomite) birds, mammal reservoir Vaccines -inactive -live intranasal |
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Rotavirus
S and T |
+ssRNA, segmented
-NOT enveloped -double shell -protein viral enterotoxin -chlorine kills!!! it not u 2 Vaccines, live, oral Rotrix and RotaTeq -no therapy |
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Rotavirus
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-very resistant
-reassortment(segmented) -most common cause infant diarrhea (can be bad, lots deaths worldy) -vomitting, diarrhea 3-8 days -dehydration -immunity after infection incomplete cant use cell culture (difficult) -transmission usually fecal-oral route, also resp possible, fomites -mostly 6- 24 months age |
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Norovirus
S and T |
-+ssRNA
-NOT enveloped no vaccine no drugs -oysters |
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Norovirus
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highly contagious
fomites, direct, fecal nausea and vomitting (dehydration) no lifelong immunity -cruise line history! Often change passengers, crowding, diff. Decontamination -viral shedding after symptom resolution |
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Hepatitis A, E
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-A,E- naked
A-dead A-inflammation of liver, cause jaundice Acute--> A and E (fecal oral) |
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Hepatitis B, C, D
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-BCD enveloped
B-subsurface vaccine Chronic--> B,C,D (blood/sexual) -B-->only DNA other diseases -BCD- cirrhosis BC- primary hepatocellular carcinoma D-fulminant hepatitis B- has reverse transcriptase (replication by RNA intermediate) -once infected 6 days to give serum Igs (prevent spread to liver) D need B |
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Adenovirus
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-dsDNA, linear
-NOT enveloped -100 serotypes no universal vaccnine -latency cuz lymphod -fomites -resist known detergents. Cause -UPT infection -Conjuctivivtis and Epidemic Keratomfdsoufhadsflahl(EKC) can die no treat |
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HSV 1,2
S and T |
dsDNA
enveloped treat- TRIFLoridine-keratitus acyclovir- most proscribed aanti HSV -for herpectum gladitorum |
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HSV 1,2
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not good surviveal
lytic(hides fibroblasts/epithelials) or latent whitlow-inflamted blisters, cut finger gladatorium- contact sports rash keratitis- genital to eye herpeticum-cluster blisters, fatal!!! encephalitis- common cause of sporatic encephalitis Diagnosis- PCR -leading infectious blindness cause US |
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RNA based
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Morbillivirus (measles)
Rubivirus(Rubella) Western Equine Encephalitis Virus Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus West Nile Encephalitis St. Louis Encephalitis Rabiesvirus Poliovirus Human Immunodeficiency Virus Rhino virus Coronavirus Influenza virus Rotavirus Norovirus Hepatitis A, C, D, E |
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DNA based
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Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)
Pox Viruses (smallpox) Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Cytomegalovirus Hepatitis B HSV 1,2 Adenovirus |
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Segmented
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Rotavirus
Flu |
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Segmented
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Rotavirus
Flu |
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Not enveloped
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Adenovirus
Hep -A,E Norovirus Rotavirus Rhino virus Poliovirus Human Papillomavirus (HPV) |
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Not enveloped
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Adenovirus
Hep -A,E Norovirus Rotavirus Rhino virus Poliovirus Human Papillomavirus (HPV) |
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-ve ssRNA`
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only
FLU rabies measles |
